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DoJG intermediate reference

Intermediate Page 3

Conjunction (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 私はその晩興奮のあまり寝られなかった。

I was so excited that I couldn't sleep that night.

(ksb). この教科書は文法を重視するあまり面白くないものになってしまった。

This textbook has turned out to be an uninteresting one because it stressed grammar too much.

Formation

Examples

(a). 秋子は恐怖のあまり声も出なかった。

Akiko was so frightened that she couldn't even make a sound.

(b). 私は喜びのあまり思わず隣の人に抱きついてしまった。

I was so happy that I hugged the person beside me without thinking.

(c). 日本の英語教育は文法が強調されるあまり会話力の養成が疎かになっているようだ。

As for English education in Japan, it seems that because grammar is emphasized too much, the development of conversational skills is neglected.

(d). 今度の会合は形式を重んずるあまり内容が乏しくなってしまった。

The last meeting ended up having little content because it focused too much on formalities.

Notes

1. Clauses and phrases involving the conjunction あまり can be rephrased using the adverb あまり and the conjunction ので or ために, as in (1).

(1)
• a. 私はその晚あまり興奮した{ので/ために}寝られなかった。[= Key Sentence (A)]
• b. この教科書はあまり文法を重視した{ので/ために}面白くないものになってしまった。[= Key Sentence (B)]

(⇨ あまり㊦)

2. Adjective い and Adjective な cannot precede あまり, as seen in (2) and (3).

(2)
• 私は{悲しみの/*悲しい}あまり涙も出なかった。
• I was so sad that I couldn't even cry (literally: even tears didn't come out).

(3)
• 彼らは{心配の/*心配な}あまり食事も喉を通らない様子だった。
• It looked like they were so anxious that they couldn't even eat (literally: even foods didn't go through their throats).

3. Verb informal can be either past or nonoast when it represents a past action or event, as in (4), although the nonpast form is more common.

(4)
• この教科書は文法を重視したあまり面白くないものになってしまった。 [= Key Sentence (B)]

【Related Expression】

The auxiliary verb 過ぎる expresses a similar idea. For example, Key Sentence (A) and (B) can be rephrased using 過ぎる, as in[1].

[1]

• a. 私はその晚興奮{のあまり/しすぎて}寝られなかった。 [= Key Sentence (A)]
• b. この教科書は文法を重視{するあまり/しすぎて}面白くないものになってしまった。 [= Key Sentence (B)]

However, there are some differences between あまり and 過ぎる. First, あまり is always a part of an adverbial clause or phrase which expresses a cause. 過ぎる, however, does not always express cause and can be in the predicate of a main clause. Second, あまり is used only when the verb or noun represents a psychological action or state. Thus, the following sentences are unacceptable.

[2]

• 昨日ビールを飲むあまり今日頭が痛い。
• Yesterday I drank too much beer and I have a headache today.
• Correct Formation: 昨日あまりビールを飲んだ{ので/ために}今日頭が痛い。

[3]

• *疲れのあまり食欲がない。
• I am so tired that I have no appetite.

Third, 過ぎる is used in both spoken and written Japanese while あまり is limited in use to formal written Japanese.

(⇨ 過ぎる㊦)

Intermediate Page 6

Structure

Key Sentences

(ksa). 日本語は勉強すれ ば (勉強)するほど面白くなります。

The harder you study Japanese, the more interesting it will become.

(ksb). パーティーは人が多ければ多いほど楽しい。

At a party the more the merrier.

(ksc). 機械は簡単{であればある/なら簡単な}ほど壊れにくい。

A machine is harder to break, the simpler it is.

Formation

Examples

(a). この酒は飲めば飲むほど美味しくなります。

The more you drink this sake, the tastier it becomes.

(b). 大学はよければよいほど入るのが難しいです。

The better the university, the harder it is to get in.

(c). アパートは駅に近ければ近いほど(家賃が)高い。

The closer apartments are to the station, the more expensive they are (to rent).

(d). 普段元気なら元気なほど体に気を付けた方がいいですよ。

The healthier you are, the more careful you should be about your health.

Notes

1. The construction of ば~ほど is very close in meaning to 'the more ~, the more ~' construction in English.

2. Other conditionals たら and と cannot be used in this construction. Thus, the following use of と and たら are ungrammatical.

(1)
• 授業料は{安ければ/*安いと}安いほどいい。
• As for the tuition, the cheaper the better.

(2)
• 玄米は{かめば/*かんだら}かむほど味が出る。
• As for brown rice, the more you chew it, the tastier it becomes.

3. When the verb is a する verb as in Key Sentence (A), it takes the form of either Noun すれば Noun するほど or Noun すればするほど as in Key Sentence (A). If the verb is not a する verb as in Example (a), it always takes the form of Verb conditional Verb informal nonpast ほど.

4. The conditional form なら is used only with Adjective な. So, the following sentences are ungrammatical.

(3)
• *この酒は飲むなら飲むほど美味しくなる。 [Correct formation= Example (a)]

(4)
• *アパートは駅に近いなら近いほど(家賃が)高い。 [Correct formation= Example (c)]

Intermediate Page 8

Compound Particle/Conjunction

Key Sentences

(ksa). 日本では子供ばかりか大人さえ漫画を読んでいる。

In Japan not only children but even adults are reading comic books.

(ksb). あの人は絵を見て楽しむばかりか、自分でも絵を描く。

He not only enjoys looking at pictures; he also draws them.

Formation

Examples

(a). アメリカでは大学生ばかりか、中学生、高校生さえ日本語を勉強している。

In America not only college students but even junior and senior high school students are studying Japanese.

(b). 僕の寮の部屋は狭いばかりか、窓さえないんです。

My room in the dorm is not just small; it doesn't even have a window.

(c). トムは漢字が読めないばかりか、平仮名さえ読めない。

It's not just kanji that Tom cannot read; he cannot read even hiragana.

(d). 父は食べるのが大好きなばかりか、料理をするのも大好きです。

My father not only loves to eat, he also loves to cook.

Notes

1. Before ばかりか comes something/someone normally expected and after ばかりか comes something/someone normally unexpected. If the order of the two is reversed an unacceptable sentence like the following results.

(1)
• *トムは平仮名が読めないばかりか、漢字さえ読めない。
• [Correct formation= Example (c)]

2. The particle さえ can be replaced by the particle も especially in spoken Japanese.

(2)
• 僕の寮の部屋は狭いばかりか、窓もないんです。
• [Correct formation= Example (b)]

(3)
• トムは漢字が読めないばかりか、平仮名も読めない。
• [Correct formation= Example (c)]

【Related Expressions】

I. The pnrases ばかりで(は)なく~も and だけで(は)なく~も are very similar to ばかりか~(さえ). Among those three constructions ばかりか~(さえ) expresses the highest degree of unexpectedness between the content of Sentence1 and Sentence2. If such unexpectedness is missing, the ばかりか~(さえ) construction sounds awkward. Examples follow.

[1]

• a. あの人は勉強{だけ/ばかり}で(は)なくスポーツもよく出来る。
• He is not only good scholastically; he is also good at sports.
• b. ??あの人は勉強ばかりか、スポーツさえ出来る。

[2]

• a. この本は面白い{だけ/ばかり}で(は)なく、とてもためになる。
• This book is not only interesting but also educational.
• b. ??この本は面白いばかりかためにさえなる。

(⇨ だけで(は)なく~(も)㊦)

II. Sentence1 どころか Sentence2, a construction indicating that someone/something is very far from a/n (un)desirable state, is quite different from Sentence1 ばかりか Sentence2, when Sentence1 is affirmative and Sentence2 is negative or when Sentence1 is negative and Sentence2 is affirmative. Examples follow.

[3]

• 日本語が話せる{どころか/*ばかりか}、一度も勉強したことがありません。
• I am far from being able to speak Japanese; I haven't studied it at all.

[4]

• スミスさんは日本語が書けない{どころか/*ばかりか}、日本語で小説さえ書ける。
• Mr. Smith is far from being unable to write Japanese; he can even write a novel in Japanese.

If both Sentence1 and Sentence2 are affirmative or negative, the two constructions are interchangeable.

[5]

• クラークさんは日本語が話せる{どころか/ばかりか}、韓国語さえ話せる。
• Mr. Clark is not only able to speak Japanese; he can even speak Korean.

[6]

• ジムは日本語で会話が出来ない{どころか/ばかりか}、簡単な挨拶も出来ない。
• Jim is not only unable to converse in Japanese; he cannot even make simple greetings.

Intermediate Page 11

Auxiliary

Key Sentences

(ksa). この論文は書き直すべきだ。

This thesis should be rewritten.

(ksb). そんなことを人に言うべき{では/じゃ}ありません。

You shouldn't say that kind of thing to people.

(ksc). 君も来るべきでしたよ。

You should have come, too.

(ksd). 山田には話すべき{では/じゃ}なかった。

I shouldn't have told that to Yamada.

(kse). 話すべきことは全部話しました。

I told you everything I should tell you.

Formation

Examples

(a). 自分のことは自分です(る)べきだ。

You should look after yourself. (literally: You should do your own business by yourself.)

(b). 今、家を買うべきじゃないよ。

You shouldn't buy a house now.

(c). それは課長にも言っておくべきだったね。

We should have told that to our boss, too, shouldn't we?

(d). 彼は結婚なんかす(る)べきじゃなかったんだ。

He shouldn't have married.

(e). 我々はもっと創造的であるべきだ。

We should be more creative.

(f). この状態が現実であるべきだ。

This state should be the reality.

(g). 調査の結果、驚くべきことが分かった。

As a result of the investigation, a surprising thing (literally: something one should be surprised at) was discovered.

(h). 田中は全く軽蔑すべき男だ。

Tanaka is indeed a despicable man (literally: a man whom one should despise).

(i). あるべき所に記述がない。

There's no description where there should be one.

Notes

1. Tense and negation are expressed by conjugating べきだ. [See Key Sentences (A) - (D) and Examples (a) - (d).]

2. The prenominal form of べきだ (i.e., the form which modifies a noun) is べき. [See Key Sentence (E) and Examples (g) - (i).]

3. べきだ usually expresses the idea that someone/something should do something or be in some state because it is his/her responsibility or duty, because it is the right thing or a good thing to do, or because it is the right state or a good state to be in. [See Key Sentence (A) - (E), Examples (a) - (f) and (i).]

4. べきだ also expresses the idea that someone is expected to do s.t. [See Examples (g) and (h).]

5. Adjective い stem+くあるべきだ, as in (1), is a possible form but this form is not commonly used.

(1)
• 体は年をとっても心は若くあるべきだ。
• Even if one's body gets old, one's mind should be young.

6. べきだ is not used when the speaker is younger than the hearer or lower than the hearer in status. For example, (2) is not appropriate in the given situation.

(2) [From a student to his/her professor]
• ??先生、それはお忘れになるべきです。
• Professor, you should forget it.

【Related Expressions】

I. ものだ also expresses the idea that one should do something as one's duty, as in [1].

[1]

• 学生は勉強するものだ。
• Students should study.

However, ものだ is used only in a generic statement to express a social norm. Thus, in a specific situation, as in [2], it cannot be used.

[2]

• 君は勉強する{べき/*もの}だ。
• You should study.

(⇨ もの(だ)㊦)

II. In terms of forcefulness, べきだ is weaker than なければならない and stronger than たほうがいい, as in [3].

[3]

(⇨ なければならない㊦; ほうがいい㊦

III. はず also expresses the idea of "should." However, はず is used when the speaker's expectation is involved. Compare the following sentences.

[4]

• a. このレポートは山田さんが書き直すはずだ。
• Yamada should rewrite this report. (= I expect that Yamada will rewrite this report.)
• b. このレポートは山田さんが書き直すべきだ。
• Yamada should rewrite this report. (= Rewriting this report is Yamada's duty.)

[5]

• a. この本はここの図書館にあるはずだ。
• This book should be in this library. (= I expect that this book is in this library.)
• b. この本はここの図書館にあるべきだ。
• This book should be in this library. (= Housing this book is this library's responsibility.)

(⇨ はず㊦)

Intermediate Page 16

Suffix

Key Sentences

(ksa). ガソリンを十ドル分入れておきました。

I put in ten dollars worth of gas.

(ksb). 私は今日三日分の仕事を片付けた。

Today I did three days worth of work.

(ksc). 現金の不足分は小切手で払います。

I'll pay the remaining amount (literally: the amount for which cash is short) by check.

Formation

Examples

(a). 会議の資料を六人分用意しておいて下さい。

Please get six sets of materials ready for the meeting.

(b). ここは後でサインをしますので二行分あけておいて下さい。

Please leave two lines (of space) here because someone will sign there later.

(c). 私達は四か月分のボーナスをまらった。

We were paid a bonus equivalent to four months pay.

(d). トラック三台分のごみが出た。

Three trucks-full of garbage came out.

(e). 政府は十万人分の食糧を被災地に送った。

The government sent food for 100,000 people to the disaster-stricken area.

(f). 学校当局は諸経費の増加分を授業料の値上げでカバーしようとしている。

The school authorities are trying to cover the increase in expenses by raising tuition.

Notes

Either a number+counter or a noun precedes 分. When a number+counter precedes, it means something worth that amount (e.g., Key Sentence (A)) or equivalent to that amount (e.g., Key Sentence (B)). When a noun precedes 分, it means the amount or portion of something represented by the noun (e.g., Key Sentence (C)).

【Related Expression】

The suffix 前 also expresses a portion of something, as in [1], but this use is limited to food. A number+人 precedes 前.

[1]

• 吉田は寿司を五人前平らげだ。
• Yoshida ate five orders of sushi.

Intermediate Page 18

Conjunction (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 日本の経済力は伸びている。だが、いつまで続くかは分からない。

Japanese economic power is growing, but we can't tell how long it will last.

(ksb). 都会の生活は便利だ。だが、ストレスが多すぎる。

Urban life is convenient. But there are too many stresses.

Formation

Examples

(a). 私は彼女とは初めて会った。だが、前から知っていたような親しみを感じた。

I met her for the first time; but I felt close to her as if I had known her for a long time.

(b). 山本は医者に何度も煙草を辞めるように言われた。だが、辞める気はないらしい。

Yamamoto was told by his doctor to quit smoking, but he doesn't seem to have any intention of quitting.

(c). あの人には才能がある。だが、その才能を使っていない。

He is talented, but he is not using his talents.

(d). 今日の試験のために寝ないで勉強した。だが、さっぱり出来なかった。

I studied hard for today's exam without sleeping, but I couldn't do it at all.

(e). 妹はよく勉強するし、頭もいい。だが、成績はなぜかよくない。

My younger sister studies hard and she is intelligent, but somehow her grades are not good.

Notes

だが is not used in spoken Japanese unless it is followed by ね as in (1).

(1)
• A: あの男はなかなか切れるな。
• That guy is really sharp, isn't he?
• B: だがね、奴は性格が悪いんだ。
• But, he has a bad character, you know.

In spoken Japanese it is usually replaced either by けれど(も) or by でも. The formal version ですが can be used in both spoken and written Japanese.

(2)
• A: 仕事はお忙しいでしょう。
• Your job must keep you busy.
• B: ええ、{でも/ですが/けれども}、面白いんです。
• Yes, but it is interesting.

(3)
• 日本へ行きたくて仕方がないんです。{でも/ですが/けれども}、お金がないから、行けません。
• I'm dying to go to Japan. But I don't have money, so I can't go there.

【Related Expression】

The first difference between だが and が/けれど(も) /のに/しかし/だけど/でも is the way they combine two sentences. だが, だけど, しかし and でも are always used as a sentence-initial conjunction, but が and のに are normally used as a non-sentence-initial conjunction, and けれど(も) is used either as a sentence-initial conjunction or a non-sentence-initial conjunction.

Sentence-initial conjunctions:

Non-sentence-initial conjunctions:

(Non-)Sentence-initial conjunction:

The second difference concerns semantic difference. が and けれど(も) can be used to in two senses of 'but' and 'and.'

[1]

• 今東京に来ています{が/けれど/*のに}、東京は、やはり、活気がありますね。
• I'm in Tokyo now, and I feel that Tokyo is full of energy, after all.

For the difference between けれど(も) and のに, see のに. (⇨ のに㊦) Among the four sentence-initial conjunctions, the most colloquial is でも, followed by だけど and the least colloquial one is だが, followed by しかし.

Intermediate Page 21

Conjunction

Key Sentences

(ksa). チェンさんは日本語が苦手だ。テストではいつも半分も出来ない。だからと言って、頭が悪いわけではない。

Mr. Cheng is not good at Japanese. On a test he cannot even finish half of it. But it doesn't follow from this that he is not smart.

(ksb). 吉田さんは日本人だ。しかも、小説家だ。だからと言って、日本語が教えられるとは限らない。

Ms. Yoshida is Japanese. And she is a novelist. But she may not be able to teach Japanese.

Formation

Examples

(a). ジョンは奥さんのことをちっとも褒めない。時々口をきかないこともある。だからと言って、奥さんを愛していないわけではない。

John does not praise his wife at all. Sometimes he doesn't talk with her. But it doesn't mean that he doesn't love her.

(b). 僕は毎日運動をしている。食べ物にも注意している。しかし、だからと言って、長生きする保証はない。

I am doing exercise every day. I am also paying attention to what I eat. But it doesn't guarantee that I will live long.

(c). 日本人は集団行動が好きだと言われる。何をするにも一緒にやる。しかし、だからと言って、個人行動が全くないわけではない。

They say that Japanese like group activities. Whatever they do, they do together. But it is not the case that there are no individual activities.

(d). 魚は健康にいい。しかし、だからと言って、魚ばかり食べていたら、体に悪いはずだ。

Fish is good for you. But if you ate nothing but fish, it would be bad for you.

(e). 日本語はよく難しい言語だと言われる。文法が複雑だし、漢字を覚えるのも大変だ。だからと言って、外国人が学べないわけではない。

Japanese is often said to be difficult. The grammar is complex and kanji are hard to memorize. But that doesn't mean foreigners cannot learn it.

Notes

1. だからと言って is a conjuction which indicates that while the speaker/writer accepts an assertion/fact in the preceding sentence, he argues that what is normally expected from the assertion/fact is not (necessarily) applicable. Thus, for example, Sentence1 and Sentence2 of Key Sentence (A) may lead to an assertion that Mr. Cheng is not smart. But the speaker denies that extrapolation in Sentence3. To paraphrase it, it is something like: 'Mr. Cheng is poor at Japanese and he can't even get half way through tests. So you probably think he is not smart, but I don't think that’s true.'

2. だからと言って often occurs with わけではない or とは限らない, as shown in all the examples except Example (d).

Intermediate Page 23

Phrase

Key Sentences

(ksa). 君はここに座っているだけでよい。

You can just sit (literally: be sitting) here.

(ksb). 私は筆跡を見ただけで誰が書いたか分かった。

I knew who wrote it just by looking at the handwriting.

Formation

Examples

(a). この植木は二週間に一度水をやるだけでよい。

Watering just once every other week is enough for this plant.

(b). この用紙にサインしていただくだけで結構です。

It will be enough if you just sign this form.

(c). 本当に来るだけでいいんですか。

Are you sure that I don't have to do anything except attend?

(d). その会議では私はただ座っているだけでよかった。

At that meeting all I had to do was sit there.

(e). 村上君は一週間勉強しただけであの試験に通ったそうだ。

I heard that Murakami passed that exam just by studying for one week.

(f). お金を入れてボタンを押すだけで暖かいラーメンが出てくる自動販売機がある。

There is a vending machine which serves hot ramen (literally: from which hot ramen comes out) just by inserting coins and pushing a button.

(g). 頭金一万円を払うだけで品物をお届けします。

If you just pay 10,000 yen as deposit, we'll deliver the product.

(h). 聞くだけで胸が悪くなるような話だ。

Just hearing that story makes me sick. (literally: It is a story that makes me sick just by hearing it.)

Notes

The choice of the tense of the verb before だけ depends on (1) whether or not the action expressed by the verb (Action 1) was taken in the past, and (2) whether or not the action/event expressed by the verb (Action 1) precedes the action/event expressed by the main verbal (Action 2). If A1 precedes A2 and A1 is a past action, the verb must be in the past tense (example, Key Sentence (B) and Example (e)). If A1 precedes A2 and A1 is not a past action, the verb is commonly in the nonpast tense, although the past tense is also acceptable (example, Examples (f) - (h)). If A1 does not precede A2 and A1 is a past action, the verb is commonly in the nonpast, although the past tense is also acceptable (example, Example (d)). If A1 does not precede A2 and A1 is not a past action, the verb must be in the nonpast (example, Key Sentence (A) and Examples(a) - (c)).

(⇨ だけ㊦)

Intermediate Page 25

Suffix

Key Sentences

(ksa). スミスさんはいつも泥だらけの靴を履いています。

Mr. Smith is always wearing shoes covered with mud.

(ksb). この作文は間違いだらけです。

This composition is full of mistakes.

Formation

Examples

(a). 長いこと掃除をしていなかったらしく、床も机の上もほこりだらけだった。

Apparently they have not cleaned the room for a long time and the floor and the tables were covered with dust.

(b). 病院に担ぎ込んだ時、その男の顔は血だらけだった。

When we carried him into the hospital, the man's face was covered with blood.

(c). 泥だらけの足で入って来ないで。

Don't come in with muddy feet.

(d). 借金だらけの生活をしています。

I am living a life with many debts.

(e). この貝は砂だらけで食べにくい。

This seashell contains a lot of sand, so eating is difficult.

Notes

だらけ is used when something is covered with something undesirable, but if something is covered with something desirable だらけ cannot be used.

(1)
• 床の上{には札束がゴロゴロしていた/*は札束だらけだった}。
• On the floor were scattered bundles of money.

(2)
• その学生の論文{にはいいアイディアがいっぱいあった/*はいいアイディアだらけだった}。
• In the student’s paper there were a lot of good ideas.

【Related Expression】

The difference between だらけ and まみれ is that the latter means 'totally covered/mixed with dirty liquid/powder such as blood, sweat, mud or dust,' excluding intangible objects, whereas the former can be used not only with liquid/powder but also to cover holes/pimples, and intangible objects, as in Key Sentence (B) and Example (d). More examples to show the difference follow:

[1]

• 私の作文は訂正{だらけ/*まみれ}だった。
• My composition was full of corrections.

[2]

• 僕のズボンは穴{だらけ/*まみれ}だ。
• My pants are full of holes.

[3]

• 少年の顔はにきび{だらけ/*まみれ}だった。
• The boy's face was covered with pimples.

[4]

• 凸凹{だらけ/*まみれ}の道を三時間も運転して、疲れてしまった。
• I got tired after driving on a bumpy road for as long as three hours.

Intermediate Page 27

Particle

Key Sentences

(ks). この翻訳は一ページで二千円お払いします。

We will pay 2.000 yen per page for this translation.

Examples

(a). このアルバイトは一時間で千円払ってくれます。

They will pay me 1,000 yen per hour for this part-time job.

(b). 昨日は一日で本を五百ページ読んだ。

Yesterday I read 500 pages in a day.

(c). 食べて飲んで、五人で、七万ぐらいでした。

We ate and drank and it cost us about 70,000 yen for five persons.

(d). この林檎は一山で二百円です。

These apples are 200 yen for one pile.

Notes

で can be omitted if the relation between the basic amount and the associated amount is more or less fixed as in Key Sentence, Examples (a) and (d). In Example (b) five hundred pages for one day is not fixed, so it is impossible to say 一日五百ページ. The same is true of Example (c) in which the cost of 70,000 yen for five people is not fixed.

【Related Expression】

In the sense of 'per,' the particle で can be replaced by につき, if the relation between the basic amount and the associated amount is fixed as in Key Sentence, Examples (a) and (d). There is also a stylistic difference: につき is more formal than で.

[1]

• この翻訳は一ページ{で/につき}ニ千円お払いします。  (= Key Sentence)

[2]

• このアルバイトは一時間{で/につき}千円払ってくれます。  (= Example (a))

[3]

• このりんごは一山{で/につき}二百円です。  (= Example (d))

Intermediate Page 29

Auxiliary (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ks). 日本経済は今後も成長を続けるであろう。

The Japanese economy will probably still keep growing (literally: from now on, too).

Formation

Examples

(a). このようなブームはもう二度と起こらないであろう。

Such a boom will probably not happen again.

(b). この次に起こる地震は非常に大きいであろうと予想される。

It is expected that the next earthquake will (probably) be very strong.

(c). その交渉は極めて困難であろう。

That negotiation will probably be very difficult.

(d). この辺りは昔、湖だったであろうと思われる。

I think that this area was probably a lake a long time ago.

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Intermediate Page 31

Copula (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 「坊っちゃん」は漱石の初期の代表作である。

Botchan is representative of Soseki's early work.

(ksb). 今年の水不足は極めて深刻である。

The water shortage this year is extremely serious.

Formation

Examples

(a). 人間は考える葦である。

“Man is a thinking reed.”

(b). 日本語があいまいな言語であるというのは誤りである。

(The idea) that Japanese is an ambiguous language is wrong.

(c). 大型車に一人で乗るのは不経済である。

Using a big car for one person is uneconomical.

(d). 彼に何度も手紙を書いたが無駄であった。

I wrote him many letters but it was useless.

(e). 日本語では文脈から分かることは原則として言わないのである。

In principle, in Japanese we do not say what is understood from context.

(f). 彼らが出来ないのは練習していないからである。

It is because they haven't practiced that they can't do it.

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Intermediate Page 34

Conjunction

Key Sentences

(ksa). 私は日本語が話せるどころか、一度も勉強したことがありません。

I am far from being able to speak Japanese. I haven't studied it at all.

(ksb). ジムは日本語の会話が出来ないどころか、簡単なあいさつも出来ない。

Jim is not just unable to converse in Japanese; he cannot even make simple greetings.

Formation

Examples

(a). スミスさんは日本語の新聞が読めるどころか、平仮名も知らない。

Mr. Smith is far from being able to read a Japanese newspaper; he doesn't even know hiragana.

(b). ジョンソンさんは漢字が書けないどころか、平仮名も書けない。

Mr. Johnson is not just unable to write kanji; he cannot write even hiragana.

(c). スミスさんは日本語が書けないどころか、日本語で小説が書けるぐらいだ。

Mr. Smith is far from being unable to write Japanese; he can even write a novel in Japanese.

(d). クラークさんは刺身が食べられるどころか、納豆まで食べられる。

Mr. Clark is not just able to eat sashimi; he can even eat nattou.

(e). あの人は本を読むどころか、新間も読まない。

He is far from reading books; he doesn't even read newspapers.

(f). 父は運動をするどころか、家から一歩も出ない。

My father is far from doing exercises; he doesn't even step out of the house.

(g). 今年の八月は暑いどころか、寒かった。

This August was far from being hot; it was cold.

(h). 私の父は丈夫(な)どころか、寝たきりです。

My father is far from being healthy; he is bedridden.

(i). 食事はご馳走どころか、豚のえさみたいだった。

The meal was far from being a feast; it was like food for pigs.

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Intermediate Page 36

Adverb

Key Sentences

(ksa). この文の意昧がどうもよく分からない。

I tried, but I cannot understand the meaning of this Japanese sentence very well.

(ksb). 鈴木さんはどうも京都大学に入りたいらしい。

I gather that Mr. Suzuki wants to enter Kyoto University.

(ksc). あの先生の授業はどうも面白くない。

I don't know why, but that instructor's class is uninteresting.

Formation

Examples

(a). このごろどうも体の詞子がよくないんです。

I don't know why, but lately I don't feel very good.

(b). あの人の日本語はどうも聞きにくい。

I don't know why, but his Japanese is hard to listen to.

(c). 先生、この間題の意味がどうもつかめないんです。

Professor, I can't manage to grasp the intent of this problem.

(d). こんな田舎に住むのはどうも不便だ。

It is just inconvenient to live in such countryside.

(e). うちの子はテレビばかり見て、どうも本を読まない。

I don't know why, but our kids are always watching TV and do not read books.

(f). あの先生はどうも厳しいようだ。

That teacher seems strict to me.

(g). ジョンは日本語を話すのは上手だが、読むのはどうも下手なようです。

John is good at speaking Japanese but for some reason he seems poor at reading it.

(h). その男がどうも犯人に違いないと思っていたが、やっぱりそうだった。

I gathered that he must be the one who did it, and my guess was right.

(i). 父は症状からしてどうもがんになったらしい。

Judging from the symptoms my father seems to have cancer.

(j). 彼女が今朝電車の中で僕に言ったことがどうも気になった。

What she said to me this morning in the train somehow bothered me.

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Intermediate Page 39

Structure

Key Sentences

(ksa). 兄は病気が治ってどんなに嬉しかったことか。

How glad my elder brother was when he recovered from his illness!

(ksb). 父は母をどんなに愛していたことか。

How dearly my father loved my mother!

(ksc). 日本へ行くまで日本がどんなに狭いか分からなかった。

I didn't realise how small Japan was until I got to Japan.

Formation

Examples

(a). 英夫は由美子に結婚を断られた時にどんなに残念に思ったことか。

How disappointed Hideo must have felt when Yumiko refused to marry him.

(b). 勉強が嫌いだった良夫には大学に入るのがどんなに難しかったか。

For Yoshio, who didn't like to study, how hard it was to enter college!

(c). 圭子はどんなにフランスに留学したかったことか！

How strongly Keiko wanted to go to France!

(d). 学生達はその厳しい先生をどんなに強く憎んだことか！

How strongly the students hated their strict teacher!

(e). 駅前のアパートはどんなに便利だったことか！

How convenient my apartment right in front of the station was!

(f). 一郎は親のもとを離れた時、親がどんなに寂しがったか分からなかった。

Ichiro didn't realise how lonely his parents must have felt when he left them.

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Intermediate Page 41

Adverb

Key Sentences

(ksa). 受けても、どうせ、駄目だから、文部省の留学生試験を受けないことにしました。

I decided not to try for the Education Ministry's Scholarship, because I'd be doomed to failure.

(ksb). どうせ外国旅行をするんなら、若いうちにした方がいい。

If you make a trip abroad at all, it's better to do it when you are young.

Examples

(a). どうせこんな沢山の宿題、出来るわけがないから、遊ぶことにしたよ。

I cannot do this much homework anyway, so I've decided to play.

(b). 人間はどうせ死ぬんだから、あくせく働いても仕方がない。

Since we humans are bound to die, it is no use working hard.

(c). どうせ捨てられるのに、どうして彼の後を追うの?

Why are you following him, when you are well aware that you are going to be dumped after all?

(d). どうせあの女性とは結婚出来ないよ。早くあきらめた方がいいよ。

You cannot marry that woman anyway. You'd better give her up as soon as possible.

(e). Ａ：君はこんなことが分からないのかい? Ｂ：どうせ私は馬鹿ですよ。

A: Don't you understand this simple matter? B: I'm stupid, as you know.

(f). どうせ来週日本へ行きますから、その辞書は日本で買います。

I'm going to Japan next week anyway, so I'll buy that dictionary over there.

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Intermediate Page 44

Phrase

Key Sentences

(ksa). 私の家の庭は日本風に大きい石が置いてあります。

The yard of my house has big rocks arranged in Japanese style.

(ksb). あんな風に勉強していたらいい成績は取れないだろう。

If he studies like that, he won't get good grades.

(ksc). 私は先生に頭がいいんだからもっと勉強しろという風によく言われた。

I was often told by my teacher that I have to study harder because I am smart.

Formation

Examples

(a). Ａ：これはどんな風に持ったらいいんですか。 Ｂ：こんな風に持って下さい。

A: How should I hold this? B: Please hold it like this.

(b). あんな風に毎日飲んでいたら、きっと病気になるでしょう。

If he keeps drinking like that every day, he will surely become ill.

(c). このカレーライスはインド風に、とても辛くしてあります。

We have made this curried rice very spicy like an Indian version.

(d). ジェミーが日本風のお辞儀をした時にはびっくりした。

I was surprised when Jemmy bowed in Japanese style.

(e). 京子は、今日はお花、あすはダンスという風に、毎日何かを習いに行っている。

Kyoko goes out every day to take lessons, like flower arrangement one day and dance, the next.

(f). お母さんが入院なさったという風に人から伺いましたが、いかがですか。

I heard that your mother has been hospitalized, but how is she?

(g). 教育改善のためなら、いくらお金を使ってもいい、という風になればいいんですがね。

I wish things could change in such a way that we can spend as much money as we want to, if it is for educational improvement.

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Intermediate Page 47

Suffix

Key Sentences

(ksa). 田中君は最近授業を休みがちだ。

Tanaka tends to miss classes these days.

(ksb). それは日本に短期間滞在した外国人にありがちな誤解だ。

That's the kind of misunderstanding which foreigners who stay in Japan for a short period of time are subject to.

(ksc). 私は小さい時病気がちでした。

I was often ill when I was very young.

(ksd). この辺りは昼間留守がちの家が多い。

Around here many people are often away from their houses during the day. (literally: Around here there are many houses which residents are often away from during the day.)

Formation

Examples

(a). 夏はややもすると塩分が不足しがちだ。

Our bodies are apt to lack salt in the summer.

(b). この時計は最近遅れがちだ。

This watch tends to lose time these days.

(c). 人はともすると自分の都合いいように物事を考えがちだ。

People tend to think (about things) in a way that suits themselves.

(d). 若いうちはとかく物事一途に考えがちだ。

Young people tend to think (about things) too seriously and narrow-mindedly.

(e). 私は最近週末もうちを空けがちです。

These days I seldom stay home even on weekends.

(f). これはアメリカ人の学生が犯しがちな間違いだ。

This is the kind of mistake which American students are apt to make.

(g). 明日は曇りがちの天気でしょう。

It will be mostly cloudy tomorrow.

(h). 私のクラスには病気がちの学生が何人がいる。

There are some students in my class who often get ill.

(i). 彼女は遠慮がちに話した。

She talked hesitantly (literally: with a tendency to hesitate).

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Intermediate Page 50

Auxiliary Adjective (い)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 彼のしたことは許しがたい。

What he did is unforgivable.

(ksb). この旅行は私にとって忘れがたい思い出になるだろう。

This trip will be an unforgettable one (literally: memory) for me.

Formation

Examples

(a). 彼の行為は理解しがたい。

His behaviour is hard to understand.

(b). あの先生は偉すぎて私には近寄りがたい。

That professor is so respected that I can hardly approach him.

(c). この二つの作品は甲乙付けがたい。

Between these two works, it is hard to say that one is better than the other.

(d). このプロジェクトは成功したとは言いがたい。

It is hard to say that this project was a success.

(e). ジョーンズ氏は得がたい人物だ。

Mr. Jones is an irreplaceable person (literally: a person hard to get).

(f). 我々は彼の犯行に関する動かしがたい証拠をつかんだ。

We obtained an indisputable piece of evidence concerning his crime.

(g). 私は過去に彼から耐えがたい屈辱を受けた。

I was intolerably humiliated by him in the past. (literally: received an intolerable humiliation from him.)

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Intermediate Page 53

Adverb

Key Sentences

(ksa). 薬を飲んだら、逆に熱が出た。

Contrary to expectations, when I took medicine, I got a fever.

(ksb). 叱られると思ったのに、逆にほめられた。

I expected to be scolded but, contrary to my expectation, I was praised.

(ksc). 会話を強調すると文法が不正確になる。逆に文法を強調すると話せなくなる。

1. If we emphasize conversation, their grammar becomes inaccurate. 2. Conversely, if we emphasize grammar, they are (literally: become) unable to speak.

Examples

(a). しばらく練習をしなかったら、逆に成績が伸びた。

I didn't practice for some time; then, contrary to expectations, my performance improved.

(b). 寝すぎると、元気にならないで、逆に疲れてしまう。

If you sleep too much, you don't feel well; instead (literally: conversely), you feel tired.

(c). 文句を言ってやろうと思っていたら、逆に文句を言われてしまった。

I was thinking of complaining; then, contrary to my intention, I had to listen to complaints.

(d). 一生懸命仕事をしたのに、逆に仲間に嫌われてしまった。

I worked very hard, but, contrary to expectations, my peers hated me.

(e). ガールフレンドを喜ばせようとしたのに、逆に怒らせてしまった。

I tried to please my girlfriend, but, contrary to my intention, I made her angry.

(f). その試験に落ちるだろうと思っていたのに、逆に一番で通ってしまった。

I was expecting to fail the exam, but, contrary to my expectation, I passed it in first place.

(g). 人に親切にすることは一般にいいことだと考えられている。しかし、親切にすることが、逆に人を傷つけることもある。

In general, being kind to people is considered to be a good thing. However, contrary to one's intention, being kind sometimes hurts people.

(h). この子は優しくすると付け上がる。逆に厳しくするとすぐ泣く。

If I try to be gentle to the boy, he takes advantage of my gentleness. Conversely, if I try to be strict, he cries readily.

(i). いい演技をする為には緊張しすぎてはいけない。しかし、逆にリラックスしすぎてもいい演技は出来ない。

In order to perform well, you mustn't be too tense. But, conversely, if you are too relaxed, you cannot perform well, either.

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Intermediate Page 57

Particle

Key Sentences

(ksa). この音楽は舞台に近いほど聞きやすい。

The closer (you sit) to the stage, the easier this music is to hear.

(ksb). 上空に行くほど酸素が薄くなる。

Oxygen is less dense at higher altitudes. (literally: Oxygen becomes thinner as you go higher/ the extent to which you go higher in the air.)

(ksc). 私は難しい仕事ほどやる気が出てくる。

I get more motivated by a harder job.

Formation

Examples

(a). 子供は小言を言うほど反発するものだ。

The more you nag children, the more they disobey you.

(b). 私は静かなほど落ち着かない。

The quieter it is, the more uneasy I feel.

(c). 駅に近くなるほど家賃が高くなる。

The closer to the station, the higher the rent.

(d). 運動するほど体の調子が変になる。

The more I exercise, the worse I feel.

(e). 元気な人ほど無理をしがちだ。

Stronger people tend to strain themselves more.

(f). あまり働かない者ほど不平が多い。

Lazier people complain more.

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Intermediate Page 60

Noun

Key Sentences

(ksa). 山田さん以外の人はみんなそのことを知っています。

Everybody except Yamada knows it.

(ksb). 日本語以外に何か外国語が話せますか。

Can you speak any foreign language besides Japanese?

(ksc). 私には酒を飲む以外に何も楽しみがない。

I have nothing to enjoy other than drinking.

Formation

Examples

(a). 私は日本酒以外の酒は飲まない。

I do not drink any alcohol but sake.

(b). 我々の会社では現在オーストラリア以外の国と取引はない。

At present our company is not dealing with any countries but Australia.

(c). アメリカ以外の国からも沢山研究者が来た。

Many researchers came from countries other than America, too.

(d). 原因はこれ以外に考えられない。

I can't think of any causes other than this.

(e). 私は散歩以外にも毎日軽い運動をしている。

I take (other) light exercise every day as well as taking a walk.

(f). ここで待っている以外ない。

There is nothing to do but wait here. (literally: There is no other way but waiting here.)

(g). 安い以外に何かいいことがありますか。

Is there any merit besides the price (literally: besides the fact that it is cheap)?

(h). この文は少し漢字の間違いがあるが、それ以外は完全だ。

This sentence (or passage) contains a few kanji mistakes, but other than that, it is perfect.

(i). 従業員以外立入禁止。[Door sign]

[Door sign] Employees only. (literally: Entry of those other than employees is prohibited.)

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Intermediate Page 64

Conjunction

Key Sentences

(ksa). 日本に来た以上(は)、日本語をしっかり勉強したい。

Since I came to Japan, I would like to study Japanese hard.

(ksb). 学生である以上(は)、勉強すべきだ。

So long as you are a student, you should study.

Formation

Examples

(a). 日本語を始めた以上、よく話せて、聞けて、読めて、書けるようになるまで頑張ります。

Now that I have begun to study Japanese, I will hang in there until I can speak and understand what I hear, and read and write well.

(b). 新車を買う以上は、出来るだけ燃費のいいのを買いたいです。

If I buy a new car at all, I would like to buy one with good gas mileage.

(c). 親である以上、子供の教育に関心があるのは当然でしょう。

If you are any sort of parent, you should be interested in your child's education.

(d). 貰った以上は、あなたが何と言おうと、私の物です。

Now that you have given this to me, it is mine, no matter what you say.

(e). 体をよく動かしている以上は、人間の体は衰えないらしい。

So long as you are very active, your body seems to stay strong.

(f). 人と約束した以上は、それを守らなければならない。

Once you have made a promise to someone, you have to keep it.

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Intermediate Page 66

Adverb

Key Sentences

(ksa). アメリカ人の目から見ると、日本の社会はいかにも閉鎖的だ。

From an American perspective, Japanese society is indeed closed.

(ksb). 外は雪が降っていて、いかにも寒そうだ。

It is snowing outside, and it looks really cold.

(ksc). 彼の書斎の本棚には古今東西の本が詰まっていて、いかにも学者の部屋らしい。

The bookshelves of his study room are packed with books of all ages and countries, and it surely looks like a scholar's room.

(ksd). 先生は最近いかにもお忙しいよう/ 様子だ。

These days the professor appears to be really busy.

(kse). 日本人は集団行動がいかにも好きではあるが、個人行動をしないわけではない。

The Japanese indeed like group behaviour, but it is not the case that they do not behave individually.

(ksf). 彼はいかにも紳士であるかのように振る舞っているが、なかなかの策士だ。

He is behaving as if he were truly a gentleman, but he is quite calculated.

Examples

(a). 彼の発想はいかにも日本的だ。

His manner of thinking is very Japanese.

(b). その教授の知識はいかにも百科全書的だ。

The professor's knowledge is really encyclopaedic.

(c). デーヴィッドは文部省の奨学金が貰えて、いかにも嬉しそうだった。

David was able to get a Ministry of Education scholarship and he looked really happy about it.

(d). 父は退院して、いかにも元気そうになった。

My father left the hospital and became really healthy-looking.

(e). 彼女は明るく、陽気で、いかにもアメリカ人らしい。

She is light-hearted and cheerful, and is truly like an American.

(f). 僕の大学の友人はいかにも金持ちらしく、いつも洒落た物を着ている。

A friend of mine in college appears to be truly rich, and is always wearing fancy clothes.

(g). ジョンは恋人と別れて、いかにも落ち込んでいるようだった。

John split up with his girlfriend and looked truly depressed.

(h). みゆきは母を失って、いかにも悲しんでいる様子だった。

Miyuki lost her mother and looked really saddened.

(i). いかにもおっしゃる通りです。

It is exactly as you have said.

(j). 日本語はいかにも難しい言語ではあるが、マスター出来ないわけではない。

Japanese is indeed a difficult language, but it is not the case that you cannot master it.

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Intermediate Page 70

Key Sentences

(ksa). もうよせよ。

Stop it now.

(ksb). ここには十二月三十一日までに払えと書いてある。

It says here to pay before December 31.

Formation

Examples

(a). 黙れ！

Shut up!

(b). 動くな！

Don't move!

(c). 山中首相は即時退陣せよ！[A demonstrator's placard]

[A demonstrator's placard] Yamanaka must go! (literally: Prime Minister Yamanaka must leave his office immediately!)

(d). 次の分を英訳せよ。[An examination direction]

[An examination direction] Translate the following sentences into English.

(e). 次の質問に答えよ。[An examination direction]

[An examination direction] Answer the following questions.

(f). 乗るなら飲むな。飲んだら乗るな。

If you drive, don't drink. If you drink, don't drive.

(g). 現金は送るなと書いてある。

It says (literally: is written) not to send cash.

(h). 課長にあまりタクシーは使うなと言われた。

I was told by my boss not to use taxis often.

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Structure

Key Sentences

(ks). 神田先生は、一方では大学で物理学を教えながら、他方では日本語の研究をなさっている。

Professor Kanda teaches physics at college on the one hand and does research on Japanese language on the other.

Formation

Examples

(a). あの男は、一方では静かな日本画を描いたりしているが、他方ではサッカーのような激しいスポーツをしている。

That man draws quiet Japanese paintings on the one hand, but plays a very competitive sport like soccer on the other.

(b). Ｘ氏は、一方で慈善事業をやりながら、他方でかなりあくどい商売をしているという噂だ。

On one hand, Mr. X is engaged in charities, but, on the other hand, rumour has it that he is engaged in a ruthless business.

(c). あの大統領は、一方では減税を約束しておきながら、他方では側近の税金の無駄使いをあまり重要視していない。

The President has promised tax-cuts. But on the other hand he doesn't think much about waste of taxpayers' money by his entourage.

(d). 留守番電話は、一方ではかかる方にもかける方にも便利な面もあるが、他方ではお互いに直接話が出来ないから、不自然な面もある。

The answering machine is, on the one hand, very convenient for both person who calls and a person who is called, but, on the other hand, unnatural because you can't talk directly with the other person.

(e). ストレスは、一方では害になることもあるが、他方では生活のいい刺激にもなるそうだ。

It is said that stress is sometimes harmful for humans, but, on the other hand, it also seems to be a good stimulus for human life.

(f). 外国生活は、一方では新しい文化に接することが出来て楽しい面もあるが、他方ではカルチャーショックで大変困ることもある。

Life in a foreign country is, on the one hand, enjoyable because one can encounter new culture, but, on the other hand, it is sometimes hard because of culture shock.

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Suffix

Key Sentences

(ksa). この映画は教育上よくない。

This film is not good from an educational point of view.

(ksb). 便宜上私がこの部屋の鍵を預かっているんです。

I keep the key to this room for the sake of convenience.

(ksc). 時間の制約上細かい説明は省略させていただきます。

I will skip a detailed explanation for lack of time (literally: time limitation).

(ksd). 計算上はこれで正しい。

In terms of calculation, this is correct.

(kse). 健康上の理由で引退することにした。

I've decided to retire for health reasons (literally: for a reason relating to my health).

(ksf). 「使用上の注意」をよく読んで下さい。

Read "Warnings for Use" carefully.

Formation

Examples

(a). このような行為は道義上許せない。

Such conduct cannot be forgiven from an ethical point of view.

(b). この条件はこれからの取引上極めて不利だ。

This condition is extremely disadvantageous for our future business.

(c). 仕事の都合上こんな高いマンションに住んでいるんです。

I live in such an expensive condominium because it's convenient for commuting to work (literally: for business convenience).

(d). 仕事の関係上、今この町を離れるわけにはいかないんです。

For business-related reasons, I cannot leave this town.

(e). 理論上はこうなるはずなのだが、実際どうなるかは分からない。

In theory it should turn out like this, but it's not known how it will actually turn out.

(f). 法律上は彼の行為は罪にならない。

Legally his conduct is not criminal.

(g). この製品にはデザイン上の欠陥がいくつかある。

This product has some design defects.

(h). 彼女は一身上の都合で会社を辞めることになった。

She is going to quit her company for personal reasons.

(i). この部品は製作上いくつかの問題がある。

There are some problems in manufacturing this part.

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Adverb

Key Sentences

(ks). 薬を飲んだら、かえって病気がひどくなった。

I took medicine, and the illness got worse (contrary to my expectation).

Examples

(a). Ａ：一時間も泳いで、疲れたでしょう。 Ｂ：いや、かえって元気になったよ。

A: You must be tired after swimming as long as one hour. B: No, on the contrary, I feel fit now.

(b). 日本へ行ったら日本語が上手になるかと思って、日本へ行ったんですが、日本人と英語でばかり話していたので、かえって、下手になって帰って来ました。

I went to Japan, believing that my Japanese will improve (if I go) there, but I spoke only in English with Japanese there, so (contrary to my expectation) my Japanese became worse when I came back here.

(c). 就職のことで三人の先生にアドバイスをしてもらったのですが、アドバイスが全然違うので、かえって、分からなくなってしまいました。

I was given advice on job searching from three professors, but their advices are so different that I am rather at a loss.

(d). いわゆる一流大学で勉強するより小さな私立大学で勉強する方が、かえって、いい教育を受けることが出来る。

(Contrary to your expectation) if you study at a small, private college, you can receive better education than to study at the so-called first-rate university.

(e). アルコールも適量飲めば、かえって、体にいいそうだ。

Alcohol is said to be rather good for your health if you drink it in moderate quantity.

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Conjunction

Key Sentences

(ksa). 私がここにいる限り心配は無用です。

As long as I am here, you don't have to worry.

(ksb). 田中さんが来ない限りこの会議は始められない。

As long as Mr. Tanaka is not here (literally: does not come), we cannot begin this meeting.

(ksc). これが事実である限り彼は有罪を免れないだろう。

As long as this is the fact, he probably cannot escape being found guilty.

Formation

Examples

(a). 今の状態が続く限りプロジェクトは始められない。

As long as the present situation continues, we cannot start out project.

(b). この事件に関する限り彼は無実だ。

As long as this incident is concerned, he is innocent.

(c). 私の知っている限り彼は正直者です。

As far as I know, he is an honest man.

(d). その書類は私が読んだ限り誤りはなかった。

As far as I read, the document contained no errors.

(e). 教育者である限りそんなことは口にすべきではない。

While you are an educator, you shouldn't say things like that.

(f). この試験に通らない限り上級クラスに入れません。

Until you pass this exam, you cannot enrol in the advanced class.

(g). 事態が変わらない限り今以上の援助は不可能です。

Until the situation changes (literally: As long as the situation doesn't change), we cannot provide additional support.

(h). アメリカ人でない限りこの仕事には就けない。

Unless you are an American, you cannot be employed for this job.

(i). 私達は力の続く限り漕いだ。

We rowed as long as our strength lasted (literally: to the extent that our strength lasted).

(j). 出来る限りやってみます。

I will try my best (literally: try to do as long as I can do).

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Suffix

Key Sentences

(ksa). 今度限りで彼のパーティーには行かないつもりだ。

This is the last time I am going to any of his parties.

(ksb). 切符は一人二枚限りです。

Tickets are limited to two per person.

Formation

Examples

(a). この映画館は今月限りで閉館されます。

This movie house is open only until the end of this month.

(b). 今日限りで酒も煙草もやめます。

From today on I will give up both drinking and smoking.

(c). セールは明日限りです。

Tomorrow is the last day of the sale.

(d). その場限りの約束はしない方がいい。

You'd better not make an empty promise (literally: a promise limited to the moment).

(e). 貸し出しは一回三冊限りです。

Check-out is limited to three books at a time.

(f). 書き直しは一回限りです。

You can rewrite only once. (literally: Rewriting is limited to one time.)

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Structure

Key Sentences

(ksa). 来年日本へ行けるか行けないかまだ分かりません。

I don't know whether or not I can go to Japan next year.

(ksa). 傘を駅に置き忘れたのか事務所に忘れたのか、はっきり覚えていません。

I don't remember well whether I left my umbrella at the station or in my office.

Formation

Examples

(a). 大学を出てから就職するか大学院に入るかまだ決めていません。

I haven't decided yet whether to get a job or go to graduate school after graduation from college.

(b). お客さんが肉が好きか魚が好きか、聞いておいて下さい。

Please ask the guest in advance whether he likes meat or fish.

(c). 夏休みにはヨーロッパを旅行するか、ソウルで仕事をするか、まだ決めていません。

I haven't yet decided whether I should travel in Europe or work in Seoul during the summer break.

(d). 会議が木曜日だったか金曜日だったか、忘れてしまいました。

I forgot whether the meeting was on Thursday or Friday.

(e). 初めてタマラと会ったのがパーティーでだったか、プールでだったか、覚えていません。

I don't remember whether it was at a party or at the pool that I first met Tamara.

(f). 木村さんが大学で経済を専攻したのか、政治を専攻したのか、知っていますか。

Do you know whether Mr. Kimura majored in economics or politics at college?

(g). 最近は男か、男でないか、分からないような男が多い。

Lately, it's hard to tell whether a lot of men are men or not.

(h). 会議は月曜か水曜(か)にして下さい。

Please make the meeting Monday or Wednesday.

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Particle (used in conversation only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 今週末には何をしようかな。

I wonder what I should do this weekend.

(ksb). この問題、君に分かるかな。

Can you figure out this problem?

Formation

Examples

(a). 今日は何曜日だったかな。

I wonder what day of the week today is.

(b). 来学期から日本語を始めようかな。

I wonder if I should start Japanese next semester.

(c). 日本での生活はどうかな。

I wonder what life is like in Japan.

(d). 今日の晩ご飯は何かな。

I wonder what today's dinner will be.

(e). アパートの家賃は高いかな。

I wonder if the apartment rent is high.

(f). 先生はお元気かな。

I wonder if my teacher is in good health.

(g). 音楽会の切符があるんだけど、君は行けるかな。

There is a concert ticket, but I wonder if you can go.

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Adverb

Key Sentences

(ksa). 頭のいい人が、必ずしも成功するとは限らない。

A bright person does not always succeed.

(ksb). 高い料理が必ずしも美味しいわけではない。

Expensive dishes are not always delicious.

(ksc). 記憶力のいい人が必ずしも外国語が上手だとは言えない。

One cannot always say that people with good memories are good at foreign languages.

(ksd). 日本人が必ずしもいい日本語の先生だとは思わない。

I don't think that a Japanese is always a good Japanese language teacher.

Formation

Examples

(a). 結婚しても必ずしも幸福になるとは言えない。

One cannot always say that marriage brings happiness.

(b). 運動をよくする人が必ずしも長生きするとは限らない。

People who exercise regularly do not always live long.

(c). 日本へ行った学生が日本語が上手になるかとうと、必ずしもそうではない。

Students who have been to Japan do not always become proficient in Japanese.

(d). お金は人を必ずしも幸福にはしない。

Money does not always bring happiness to people.

(e). 優れた研究者が必ずしも優れた教育者であるわけではない。

It is not always the case that an able researcher is an able educator.

(f). 良薬は口に苦しと言うが、苦い薬が必ずしもいいとは限らない。

They say good medicine is bitter, but bitter medicine is not always good.

(g). 眼鏡をかけて、カメラを下げて、集団で歩いている東洋人が必ずしも日本人ではない。

An oriental wearing glasses, carrying a camera and walking in a group is not always a Japanese.

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Auxiliary Verb (Group 2)

Key Sentences

(ksa). そのことは私には分かりかねますから、部長にお聞きになって下さい。

I am not in a position to figure out that matter, so please ask the departmental chief.

(ksb). あの男はどんな馬鹿なことでもやりかねない。

He might (literally: can) do any stupid thing.

Formation

Examples

(a). 来週はロンドンへ出張しますので、誠に申し訳ございませんが、名古屋での会議には出席できかねます。

Next week I am making a business trip to London, so I cannot attend the meeting in Nagoya.

(b). これだけの書類を一月では処理いたしかねますが。

I cannot handle this many documents in a month.

(c). 大変遺憾に存じますが、ご依頼には応じかねます。

It is a great regret, but we cannot comply with your request.

(d). こんな高価な贈り物、頂きかねます。

I cannot accept such an expensive gift.

(e). 彼は私の気持ちを量りかねているようだ。

He appears to find it hard to understand my feelings.

(f). 非常に言い難いことなので、さすがの部長も切り出しかねている。

It is such a delicate matter, so even the departmental chief finds it hard to break the ice.

(g). みどりさん、ご主人がお待ちかねよ。

Midori, your husband is waiting for you with impatience (literally: cannot wait).

(h). あいつはとんでもないことを言いかねないから、注意した方がいいよ。

He might say outrageous things, so watch out.

(i). あの男はちょっとしたことで暴力を振るいかねない。

That man might use violence at the slightest provocation.

(j). この事件は内閣総辞職にも発展しかねない。

It is possible for this incident to develop into resignation of the entire cabinet.

(k). 暴動すら起こりかねないような緊迫した情況だった。

It was such a tense situation that even a riot could have taken place.

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Structure (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ks). スミスさんは週刊誌から学術書に至るまで、幅広い日本語が読める。

Mr. Smith can read Japanese widely, ranging from weekly magazines to scholastic books.

Examples

(a). その新聞記者は首相の公の生活から私生活に至るまで、何でも知っている。

That newspaper reporter knows everything about the premier, ranging from his public life to his private life.

(b). 私が日本へ行った時、友人の山田さんは空港への出迎えからホテルの予約に至るまで、実に親切にしてくれた。

When I went to Japan, my friend Mr. Yamada was very kind to me. He did everything from picking me up at the airport to making the hotel reservation for me.

(c). その女の人は私に家族のことから自分の悩みに至るまで、細かに話した。

That lady told me everything in detail, starting with her family and ending with the worries of her life.

(d). 社長が現れた時には、守衛から副社長に至るまで、門の前で待っていた。

When the president of the company arrived, everyone from the guards to the vice-president was waiting in front of the gate.

(e). ルーシーは靴から帽子に至るまで、緑の装束だった。

Lucy was dressed in green, from her shoes to her hat.

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Structure

Key Sentences

(ks). 今年の夏、七月から八月にかけて中国大陸を旅行した。

This summer I travelled on the Chinese continent from July through August.

Formation

Examples

(a). 今週は木曜から金曜にかけて雪が降るでしょう。

This week it will probably snow from Thursday through Friday.

(b). 日本は六月から七月にかけて梅雨が続く。

In Japan the rainy season continues through June and July.

(c). 高気圧が朝鮮半島から九州にかけて張り出している。

High atmospheric pressure extends from the Korean Peninsula up through Kyushu.

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Intermediate Page 103

Conjunction

Key Sentences

(ksa). 子供だからと言って許すわけにはいかない。

I cannot forgive him just because he is a child.

(ksb). 何も不平を言わないからと言って現状に満足しているわけではない。

Even though I don't complain, it doesn't mean that I'm satisfied with the present situation.

(ksc). 試験に受からなかったからと言ってそんなに悲観することはない。

You don't have to be so pessimistic because you didn't pass the exam.

Formation

Examples

(a). 弁償したからと言って済む問題ではない。

It is not a problem which will be solved because you have paid/ will pay compensation.

(b). 上司の命令だからと言って黙って従うわけにはいかない。

I cannot obey the order without asking questions even if it is from my boss.

(c). アメリカへ行ったからと言って勝手に英語が上手になるものではない。

Your English will not improve (itself/ automatically) even if you go to America.

(d). 毎日授業に出ているからと言って真面目に勉強していることにはならない。

Even though he goes to class every day, it doesn't mean that he is studying seriously.

(e). こんなことを言うからと言って別に批判しているわけではない。

Even though I tell you such a thing, it doesn't mean that I'm criticizing you.

(f). 自分の問題じゃないからと言って知らん顔をしているのはよくない。

It's not right for you to be indifferent just because it's not your problem.

(g). 女だからと言って侮ってはいけない。

Don't take her lightly just because she is a woman.

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Auxiliary(used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ks). 十年後の自分を予想するのは難しかろう。

It is probably difficult to predict what one's self will be like in ten years time.

Formation

Examples

(a). この研究を一年で完成するのは極めて難しかろう。

It is probably extremely difficult to complete this research in one year.

(b). 日本人の中にも創造性のない教育に反対する人は多かろう。

Even among the Japanese, there are probably a lot of people who oppose education without creativity.

(c). 私のように文化は宗教のようなものだと考えている人は少なかろう。

Few people probably think, as I do, that culture is something like religion.

(d). アメリカの大学のように、日本の大学でも学生に教師の評価をさせるとよかろう。

It would probably be good if Japanese universities allowed students to evaluate instructors as American universities do.

(e). 人種偏見ほど人間に根深いものはなかろう。

Nothing is probably as deep-rooted in humans as racial prejudices.

(f). 近い将来に日米関係に大きな変化はなかろう。

There will probably not be a big change in the US-Japan relationship in the near future.

(g). あの二人の間柄は親しくはなかろう。

The relationship between the two is probably not close.

(h). 残業手当てを要求することは無理ではなかろう。

It is probably not unreasonable to ask for pay for overtime work.

(i). 彼にはアリバイがあるのだから、犯人ではなかろう。

He has an alibi, so he is probably not the culprit.

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Phrase

Key Sentences

(ksa). 林田先生は厳しい教え方をする。

Professor Hayashida teaches in a strict manner.

(ksb). 昭は変わったものの見方をする。

Akira views things in a peculiar fashion.

(ksc). ブラウンさんは日本人のような考え方をする。

Mr. Brown thinks like the Japanese.

(ksd). 誰にでも分かるような書き方をして下さい。

Please write in such a way that anyone can understand it.

Formation

Examples

(a). あのピッチャーは面白い投げ方をする。

That pitcher throws (a ball) in an interesting way.

(b). 吉田君は乱暴な運転のし方をするので乗せてもらうのが怖い。

I'm afraid of getting a ride from Yoshida because he drives carelessly (literally: in a wild fashion).

(c). 正はほかの学生と違った勉強のし方をしているようだ。

Tadashi seems to study in a different way from other students.

(d). 私には野村先生のような考え方は出来ない。

I cannot think like Professor Nomura.

(e). 勉強が楽しくなるような考え方をしてほしい。

We'd like to be taught in such a way that we (come to) like studying.

(f). この問題について私と同じような考え方をする人は多くないでしょう。

There wouldn't be many people who think about this problem in the same way as I do.

(g). 田村はその大臣をよく知っているような話し方をする。

1. Tamura's talk sounds like he knows the minister well. 2. Tamura talks as if he knew that minister well.

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Intermediate Page 114

Conjunction

Key Sentences

(ks). 日本人はみんな寿司が好きかと言うと、そうではない。嫌いな人もいる。

You would think that all the Japanese like sushi, but that is not true. Some Japanese don't like it.

Formation

Examples

(a). がんは治らない病気かと言うと、そうではない。早期発見をすれば治ると言われている。

You would think that cancer is not curable, but that is not true. If it is detected early it is said to be curable.

(b). 日本に行って、二、三年住めば日本語が上手になるかと言うと、そうでもないようだ。かえって下手になることもある。

You'd think that if you went to Japan and lived there for a few years, your Japanese would become good, but that doesn't seem to be true. On the contrary, your Japanese may become worse than before.

(c). 大学の時にいい成績の学生が社会で成功するかと言うと、必ずしもそうではないようだ。

You'd think that a college student with good grades would be successful in society, but that doesn't always seem to be the case.

(d). 毎日運動をすれば長生きをするかと言うと、そうでもなさそうだ。

You'd think that if you did exercise every day, you would live long, but that does not seem to be true.

(e). 日本語は難しいかと言うと、話したり聞いたりすることはそんなに難しくない。

You'd think that Japanese would be hard, but speaking and listening are not that hard.

(f). ボストンでの車なしの生活が不便だったかと言うと、全然そうではなかったんです。

You'd think that my life without a car in Boston must have been inconvenient, but it wasn't at all.

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Intermediate Page 116

Conjunction/Compound Particle

Key Sentences

(ksa). 昼間遊ぶ代わりに夜勉強するつもりだ。

I am going to enjoy myself in the daytime, so/but (to make up for it) I will study at night.

(ksb). 山田さんにはちょっと余分に働いてもらった代わりに特別手当てを出した。

Mr. Yamada worked for us a bit extra, so/ but (to make up-for it) we paid him special compensation.

(ksc). 前のアパートは設備が悪かった代わりに家賃が安かった。

The former apartment had bad facilities, so/but (to make up for it) the rent was cheap.

(ksd). 今朝は、コーヒーの代わりにココアを飲んだ。

This morning I drank cocoa instead of coffee.

Formation

Examples

(a). 今日は図書館で勉強する代わりに寮の部屋で勉強した。

Today I didn't study in the library. Instead, I studied in my dorm room.

(b). 私はトムに日本語を教えてあげた代わりに彼に英語を教えてもらった。

I taught Tom Japanese, so (to make up for it) he taught me English.

(c). 高い長距離電話をかける代わりに、手紙をよく書いています。

Instead of making expensive long distance calls I often write letters.

(d). 私のアパートは家賃が高い代わりに、駅に近くてとても便利です。

My apartment is expensive, but it is close to the station and very convenient.

(e). 私達の日本語の先生は厳しい代わりに学生の面倒見がいい。

Our teacher is strict, but (instead) he takes good care of his students.

(f). 大学の先生は給料が低い代わりに自由がある。

College professors' salaries are low, but (instead) they have freedom.

(g). 父は体が弱い代わりに意志がとても強い。

My father is physically weak, but (instead) he has a very strong will.

(h). この辺は静かな代わりに、店も遠くて不便です。

This area is quiet, but (instead) it's inconvenient because the stores are far away.

(i). 日本語の授業にいつもの山田先生の代わりに田中という新しい先生がいらっしゃった。

To our Japanese class came a new teacher Ms. Tanaka instead of our regular teacher Ms. Yamada.

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Noun

Key Sentences

(ksa). 投票の結果、その提案は反対多数で否決された。

As a result of the vote, the proposal was rejected by the majority's opposition.

(ksb). 妻と相談した結果、家を買うことにした。

After my wife and I discussed it, we decided to buy a house.

Formation

Examples

(a). 相談の結果、今回の旅行は延期することになった。

After discussion, it's been decided that the planned trip will be postponed.

(b). 検査の結果、妻の体はどこにも異状がないことが分かった。

As a result of the examination, my wife was found to be healthy (literally: it was found that there was no abnormality with my wife's body).

(c). 調査の結果、新しい事実が発見された。

As a result of the investigation, new facts emerged.

(d). 警察で調べた結果、原因は煙草の火の不始末と分かった。

As a result of the police investigation, it was determined that the cause (of the fire) was the careless handling of a cigarette butt.

(e). 特別のダイエットをした結果、十キロの減量に成功した。

I've succeeded in losing ten kilos as the result of a special diet.

(f). 新しい教科書を使った結果、学生の成績が著しく伸びた。

As a result of using a new textbook, the students improved their performance remarkably (literally: the performance of the students improved remarkably).

(g). ゴルフの個人指導を受けた結果、自分の問題点が明らかになった。

Upon taking a private golf lesson, my problems became clear.

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Adverb (used in conversation only)

Key Sentences

(ks). ここの寿司は、結構美味しいね。

The sushi in this place is quite good, isn't it?

Examples

(a). この車は古いんだけど、結構よく走りますよ。

This car is old, but it runs quite well, you know.

(b). あの人は間抜けに見えるでしょう。でも、結構頭がいいんです。

He looks dumb, but he is quite sharp.

(c). 四月だというのに、結構寒いね。

It is April, but it is rather cold, isn't it?

(d). 小さい町なのに、結構いいレストランがあるね。

There are quite a few good restaurants in this small town, aren't there?

(e). この料理は量は少ないけど、結構胃にもたれるね。

This dish is small in quantity, but it is pretty heavy on the stomach.

(f). 今日は日曜日なのに高速が結構混んでいるね。

Today is Sunday, but the highway is rather crowded, isn't it?

(g). 父は楽天的な人でしたが、失職した時に結構悩んだようです。

My father was an optimist, but when he lost his job, I think he suffered quite a bit.

(h). カラオケは初めてだったが、結構楽しかった。

It was my first karaoke, but it was rather enjoyable.

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Demonstrative Adjective

Key Sentences

(ksa). 秋山さんはこの春結婚します。

Miss Akiyama will marry (this spring/ this coming spring).

(ksb). 山下君はこの一週間授業を休んでいます。

Yamashita has been absent from class for the past (one) week.

Formation

Examples

(a). この間吉岡さんに会いました。

I met Mr. Yoshioka the other day.

(b). このたびこの会の会員に加えていただきました。

I became a member of this club at this time.

(c). この際車を買おうか。

Shall we buy a car given this occasion?

(d). この辺で妥協したらどうですか。

Why don't we compromise now (literally: around this time)?

(e). この夏は日本の女流作家の研究しています。

This summer I'm doing research on Japanese female writers.

(f). この一週間は忙しくて何もできないだろう。

I'll be busy this coming week and probably won't be able to do anything (else).

(g). この次はいつお目にかかれますか。

When could I meet you next?

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Demonstrative Adjective

Key Sentences

(ks). こうした問題はこの国では聞かれないようである。

We do not seem to hear about problems like this in this country.

Formation

Examples

(a). こうした行為がどのような結果を招くかは誰の目にも明らかだ。

It is clear to anyone what kind of result such behaviour brings about.

(b). こうした経験は日本へ行ったことのある者なら誰にでもあるはずだ。

Anyone who has been to Japan would have had such an experience.

(c). 私はこうした話には耳を貸さないことにしている。

I make it a rule not to listen to such stories.

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Particle

Key Sentences

(ksa). これこそ我々が探し求めていたものだ。

This is the very thing that we've been looking for.

(ksb). Ａ：どうもすみませんでした。 Ｂ：いいえ、こちらこそすみませんでした。

A: I'm very sorry. B: No, it's me who should say that (literally: be sorry).

(ksc). 一人でやってこそ勉強になるのだ。

You can learn something only when you do it by yourself.

(ksd). 君が正直に話してくれたからこそ問題は最小で済んだんだ。

We could minimize the problem only because you explained  (literally: told) it to us honestly.

Formation

Examples

(a). A: 一体一週間も何をしていたんだ。 B: そう言う君こそ何をしていたんだ。

A: What on earth were you doing for a whole week? B: You say that but what were you doing?

(b). こんな時(に)こそ全員で力を合わせて問題を解決しなければならない。

On this kind of occasion, in particular, we all have to cooperate in order to solve the problem.

(c). 今年こそこの試験に通ってみせる。

I will pass this exam definitely this year.

(d). それでこそ我々のリーダーだ。

That is precisely the kind of behaviour we expect from our leader.

(e). ここにいてこそいい仕事も見つかるのだ。

You can find a good job only by being here.

(f). 親友だからこそこんなことまで君に言うんだよ。

It's because you are my friend that I can tell you (even) such a thing.

(g). 出来ないからこそ人より余計に練習しなければならないのだ。

It’s precisely because you can’t do it that you have to practice more than others do.

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Auxiliary Noun (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 発表は十五分以内で行うこと。

Each presentation should be completed (literally: done) within fifteen minutes.

(ksb). プールサイドを走らないこと。

Do not run on the pool deck.

(ksc). 詳細は二十三ページ(を)参照のこと。

See page 23 for details.

Formation

Examples

(a). 私語は慎むこと。

Refrain from whispering.

(b). 先に必ずテープを聞くこと。

Be sure to listen to the tape beforehand.

(c). 辞書は見ないこと。

You may not consult any dictionaries.

(d). 裸足で歩き回らないこと。

Do not walk around barefoot.

(e). 弁当(を)持参のこと。

Bring your own lunch.

(f). 制服(を)着用のこと。

Wear uniforms.

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Intermediate Page 137

Compound Particle

Key Sentences

(ksa). 私は週末にゴルフをすることで気分転換を図っています。

I try to lift my spirits by playing golf on weekends.

(ksb). 彼が仲裁の場に出ていったことで仲裁は余計にこじれた。

His appearance at the mediation scene complicated the situation even more. (literally: The situation got even more complicated because he appeared at the mediation scene.)

Formation

Examples

(a). 私が十万円出すことで問題は解決した。

The problem was solved by my paying 100,000 yen.

(b). 彼女はものを言わないことで私へ精一杯の抵抗を示しているのです。

She is demonstrating her utmost resistance to me by not talking.

(c). 朝晩簡単な体操をするだけのことで素晴らしい健康が保てます。

You can maintain wonderful health just by taking simple exercise in the morning and evening.

(d). 私が参加することであなたに迷惑はかかりませんか。

Wouldn't my participation cause you trouble?

(e). 彼のパーティーに行かなかったことで彼の気持ちを害したのでなければよいが。

I hope I didn't hurt his feelings because I didn't go to his party (literally: by not having gone to his party).

(f). 私は英語が下手ことで時々損をしている。

I am sometimes put at a disadvantage because I am poor at English.

(g). この国では外国人であることで得をすることがある。

In this country there are times when you benefit for being a foreigner.

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Phrase

Key Sentences

(ksa). これ以上聞くのは彼を余計に苦しめることになる。

Asking more than this will cause him to suffer too much.

(ksb). 今これをしておかなかったら後で大変なことになる。

If we don't do this now, we will end up with an awful situation later.

(ksc). この手形が落ちなければ会社は倒産ということになる。

If we cannot have this draft cashed, our company will end up in bankruptcy.

(ksd). こんな結果になったということは我々の準備に手落ちがあったことになる。

Ending up with such a result means that there was something wrong with our preparation.

(kse). 今回何も起こらなかったということはこのシステムで大丈夫だということになる。

The fact that nothing happened this time means that the system is alright (literally: the situation is alright with this system).

Formation

Examples

(a). 今怠けていると試験の時ひどいことになるよ。

If you don't work now, you'll end up with a terrible situation when you take the exam.

(b). そんなことをしたら二度と人前に出られないことになる。

If I/ you do such a thing, I/ you will end up not being able to appear in public again.

(c). A社が百万円寄付してくれれば合計一千万円に達することになる。

If Company A donates one million yen, the total sum will become (literally: end up with) ten million yen.

(d). すべてがうまくいけば来年卒業ということになります。

If everything goes well, (it means that) I will graduate next year.

(e). 葉書が戻って来たということは彼はもうこの住所には住んでいないことになる。

That the postcard came back means that he doesn't live at this address any longer.

(f). これが一キロ二千円ということはこちらの方が高いということになる。

That this costs 2,000 yen a kilo means that this is more expensive.

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Phrase (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 今回の失敗は事前の話し合いが不十分だったことによる。

The failure this time is the result of insufficient discussion beforehand (literally: due to the fact that the preceding discussion was insufficient).

(ksb). 進が非行に走ったの両親の愛情が不足していたことによる。

Susumu's delinquency was caused by his parents' lack of affection. (literally: The fact that Susumu ran to juvenile delinquency is because his parents were not affectionate enough with him.

Formation

Examples

(a). 彼の現在の成功は平生の努力を怠らなかったことによる。

His present success is due to the fact that he worked hard every day (literally: did not neglect daily effort).

(b). 彼らの離婚は二人の価値観があまりに違っていたことによる。

Their divorce was caused by the fact that their value systems were very different.

(c). 彼が負けたのは勝ちを焦りすぎたことによる。

His loss is due to the fact that he tried to win quickly.

(d). 彼の才能がこれ程までに開発されたのは鈴木氏に師事したことによる。

That his talent was developed to this degree is due to the fact that he studied with Mr. Suzuki.

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Intermediate Page 146

Phrase

Key Sentences

(ksa). あんな男の言うことを聞くことはない。

There's no need to listen to a man like that.

(ksb). 彼女が今日の会議を忘れることはないと思います。

I think that there is no possibility that she will forget today's meeting.

Formation

Examples

(a). あんな奴に親切にしてやることはない。

There is no need to be kind to a guy like that.

(b). 何もそんなに慌てることはない。

There is no need at all to be in such a hurry.

(c). 君が来ることはないと思います。

1. I don't think it will be necessary for you to come here. 2. I think that there is no possibility that you will come here.

(d). 彼がわざわざ出て行くことはないでしょう。

1. There will probably be no need for him to take the trouble to go out there. 2. There is no possibility that he will go out there.

(e). もうお目にかかることはないかもしれませんね。

I might not have a chance to see you again.

(f). 多分私が教えることはないと思います。

I don't think there is a possibility that I will teach.

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Intermediate Page 148

Inflectional Ending (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 加奈子の性格は明るく、無邪気だった。

Kanako's personality was cheerful and innocent.

(ksb). せっかく講演をしに行ったのに、聴衆が少なく、がっかりした。

I went all the way to give a lecture, but the audience was so small that I felt discouraged.

Examples

(a). カルフォルニアの空は青く、美しかった。

The Californian sky was blue and beautiful.

(b). トムの東京のアパートの部屋は暗く、狭い。

Tom's apartment room in Tokyo is dark and small.

(c). バッハの音楽は歯切れがよく、幾何学的だ。

Bach's music is very crisp and geometrical.

(d). ニューヨークタイムズは質が高く、購読者の数も多い。

The New York Times is high in quality and has many subscribers.

(e). 世界の平和は得られにくく、維持しにくい。

World peace is hard to achieve and hard to maintain.

(f). あの哲学者の思想は分かりやすく、文章も簡潔だ。

That philosopher's ideas are easy to understand and his writing is simple, too.

(g). 去年の冬は雪が多く、車の運転が大変だった。

Last winter there was much snow and it was hard to drive around.

(h). 私は失敗が恐ろしく、新しいことが何も出来ない。

I'm afraid of failure, and I can't do anything new.

(i). 洋子は一人でいるのが寂しく、最近猫を飼い始めた。

Yoko felt lonely living alone, so she got a pet cat recently.

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Particle

Key Sentences

(ksa). 私達は一歩も歩けないくらい疲れていた。

We were so tired that we couldn't even take a step. (literally: We were tired to the extent that we couldn't even walk one step.)

(ksb). 今晩は暖かいのでストーブが要らないくらいだ。

It is so warm this evening that we (almost) don't need a heater.

(ksc). 山田さんくらいよく物を忘れる人はいない。

There's no one who is as forgetful as Yamada (literally: who forgets things as much as Yamada does).

(ksd). 私は料理は下手ですが、ご飯くらい(は)炊けます。

I am a poor cook (literally: bad at cooking), but I can at least cook rice.

(kse). 今この仕事が出来るのは彼くらいのものだ。

He is the only person who can do this job now. (literally: The person who is capable enough to do this job is he.)

(ksf). そんなことをするくらいなら死んだ方がましだ。

I would rather die than do such a thing.

Formation

Examples

(a). その家は直しようがないくらい傷んでいた。

That house was so damaged that it couldn't be repaired. (literally: That house was damaged to the extent that it couldn't be repaired.)

(b). 次郎はひどく酔っていて立っていられないくらいだった。

Jiro was so drunk that he couldn't hold himself upright.

(c). こんな本、十ドルでもまだ高いくらいだ。

Even ten dollars would still be too expensive for a book like this.

(d). 内田さんくらいかわいそうな人はいない。

This is no one who is as pitiful as Uchida.

(e). あの時くらい苦しかった時はない。

I have never suffered as much as I did that time.

(f). 信頼していた人に裏切られる(こと)くらい辛いことはない。

There is nothing as painful as being betrayed by someone you have trusted.

(g). いくら安い所でもシャワーくらい付いているでしょう。

Even though it is a cheap place, there should at least be a shower.

(h). そんな物に二万円も出すのはあなたくらいのものですよ。

You are the only person who would pay as much as 20,000 yen for such a thing.

(i). あんな男の下で働くくらいなら乞食になった方がましだ。

I would rather be a beggar than work under such a man.

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Intermediate Page 155

Conjunction

Key Sentences

(ksa). 山田さんは日本人のくせにあまり漢字を知らない。

Although Mr. Yamada is Japanese, he doesn't know many kanji.

(ksb). 山内はよく知っているくせに何も教えてくれない。

In spite of the fact that Yamauchi knows a lot about it, he doesn't tell me anything.

Formation

Examples

(a). 彼は大学生のくせに漫画ばかり読んでいる。

Although he is a college student, all he does is read comics.

(b). 良子はまだ学生のくせに高いマンションに住んでいる。

Although Yoshiko is still a student, she lives in an expensive condominium.

(c). 隆司は下手なくせに私とテニスをしたがる。

Takashi is a bad (tennis) player, and yet he wants to play with me.

(d). 怖いくせに無理するなよ。

You are afraid. Don't pretend to be strong.

(e). 孝男はお金もないくせに外車を欲しがっている。

Takao doesn't have money, and yet he wants a foreign car.

(f). 吉田は前は私を見ても挨拶もしなかったくせに、私が部長になった途端に急に愛想がよくなった。

Before (the time I became a division chief), Yoshida never greeted me when he saw me, but he suddenly became friendly when I became a division chief.

(g). 昨日まで見習いだったくせに大きな口をきくな。

Don't talk big! You were only a trainee until yesterday!

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Intermediate Page 159

Phrase

Key Sentences

(ksa). これは簡単な計算だから計算器を使うまでもない。

This is a simple calculation, so it is not necessary (to bother) to use a calculator.

(ksb). 言うまでもなくジヨージ・ワシントンはアメリカの初代大統領だ。

Needless to say, George Washington was the first president of the United States.

Formation

Examples

(a). 彼がみんなに尊敬されたのは言うまでもない。

It goes without saying that he was respected by everybody.

(b). 大した用事じゃないからあなたがわざわざ行くまでもないでしょう。

It is not important business, so it is probably not necessary for you to (take the trouble to) get there.

(c). 行けば分かることですから電話して聞くまでもありません。

We can find out when we get there, so we don't need to call and ask about it.

(d). 今更申すまでもありませんが、山中先生はこの分野では指導的な立場にあるお方です。

Needless to say (now), Professor Yamanaka is a leading figure in this field.

(e). それは説明するまでもなく明らかなことだ。

It is so obvious that no explanation is necessary.

(f). 待つまでもなく妻は買い物から帰ってきた。

My wife came back from shopping without my having to wait for her.

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Intermediate Page 161

Auxiliary (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). もう橋本には何も頼むまい。

I will not ask any more favours of Hashimoto.

(ksb). これは恐らく誰も気が付くまい。

Probably no one will notice this.

(ksc). 参加者はそれほど多くはあるまい。

There probably won't be many participants.

(ksd). この教え方はあまり効果的ではあるまい。

This teaching method is probably not very effective.

(kse). これは何かの間違いではあるまいか。

I have a feeling that this is some kind of mistake. (literally: Is this not some kind of mistake?)

Formation

Examples

(a). 清のパーティーにはもう行くまい。

I will not go to Kiyoshi's parties any more.

(b). 日本へ行こうか行くまいか迷った。

I couldn't decide whether I should go to Japan or not.

(c). 彼は多分誰の言うことも聞くまい。

He probably won't listen to anyone.

(d). それは今我々には必要ではあるまい。

It is probably not necessary for us now.

(e). この問題はこの学校の学生にはそれほど難しくはあるまい。

This problem is probably not very difficult for these students.

(f). ジョージが真相を知っているのではあるまいか。

I have a feeling that George knows the truth.

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Intermediate Page 165

Adverb

Key Sentences

(ksa). まさか美智子があんな男と結婚するとは思わなかった。

I never dreamed that Michiko would many that kind of a guy.

(ksb). まさかあたしの誕生日を忘れたんじゃないでしょうね。

Don't tell me that you forgot my birthday!

(ksc). まさか彼がこんな寒い日に来るはずはないですよ。

Surely he won't show up on such a cold day!

(ksd). 最近父から手紙が来ないけれど、まさか具合が悪いのではあるまい。

Lately I haven't heard from my father, but God forbid that he might be ill.

(kse). Ａ：七十のおじいさんが高校に入ったんだって。 Ｂ：まさか。

A: I heard that an old man of 70 entered a high school. B: Incredible!

Formation

Examples

(a). まさか自分が交通事故に巻き込まれるとは思いませんでしたよ。

I never thought that I would be involved in a traffic accident.

(b). まさか司法試験に一度でパス出来るとは考えてもいなかった。

I never dreamed that I could pass the bar examination on my first attempt.

(c). 青い顔をしているけど、まさか病気じゃないでしょうね。

You look pale. Are you sure you are not ill?

(d). まさかこんな高いダイヤモンドの指輪を買ってくれたんじゃないでしょうね。

I don't believe that you brought me such an expensive diamond ring!

(e). まさかあんないい人が人を殺すなんてあるはずがない。

Don't tell me a good person like that killed someone.

(f). まさか彼が日本語の先生になるとは考えてもみなかった。

I never thought that he would become a Japanese language teacher.

(g). まさかあの人がそんなことを言うはずはないでしょ。

It's not at all likely that she has said such a thing!

(h). もう五月なのだから、まさか雪は降るまい。

Since it is May it is very unlikely that it will snow.

(i). 母は入院中だから、まさか私の結婚式に出席するわけにはいくまい。

Because my mother is in the hospital right now, it is impossible to expect her to attend my wedding.

(j). A: スミスさんは日本語を一年しか勉強していないのに、ペラペラですよ。 B: まさか。

A: Smith has studied Japanese for only one year, but he is fluent, you know. B: Impossible!

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Intermediate Page 169

Adjective (な)

Key Sentences

(ksa). こんな給料をもらう(くらい)なら辞めた方がましだ。

If this is the salary, it would be better to quit.

(ksb). 今度の日本語の先生は前の先生よりずっとましだ。

This new Japanese teacher is much better than the former teacher.

(ksc). もう少しましなコーヒーはありませんか。

Isn't there coffee that's a bit better?

Examples

(a). こんな大学に入るくらいなら、仕事をした方がましだ。

I might as well work as enter such a college.

(b). こんな苦しい生活をするくらいなら、死んだ方がましだ。

It is better to die than to lead such a life.

(c). 学校へ行くくらいなら家でテレビでも見ていた方がましだ。

It's better to watch TV at home rather than going to school.

(d). こんな不味いご飯を食べるくらいなら何も食べない方がいい。

It's better not to eat anything rather than eating such an untasteful meal.

(e). あのレストランよりこのレストランの方がましだ。

This restaurant is better than that restaurant over there.

(f). ここの夏も暑いですが、東京の夏よりましですね。

Summer here is hot, too, but it's better than summer in Tokyo.

(g). 僕の車もとても古いけど、君のよりましだ。

My car is also very old, but it is better than yours.

(h). 給料は二万円でも、ないよりましだ。

Although the salary is just 20,000 yen it's better than nothing.

(i). お宅は狭いと言っても私の家に比べたらずっとましですよ。

You say your house is small, but it is much better than our house, you know.

(j). もう少しましな人間になろうと思っています。

I am thinking of becoming a slightly better person.

(k). このホテルはひどいですね。この辺にもう少しましなホテルはないんでしょうか。

This hotel is awful. Isn't there a slightly better hotel around here?

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Intermediate Page 171

Conjunction (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 現金(か)、または小切手でお払い下さい。

Please pay either in cash or by check.

(ksb). Ａ(か)、またはＢのどちらかを選びなさい。

Select either A or B.

(ksc). 電話番号を聞き違えたか、またはもうこの電話は使われていないのだろう。

I guess that either I misheard the phone number or this number (literally: phone) is no longer in use.

Formation

Examples

(a). 黒(か)、または青のボールペンを使って下さい。

Please use a black or blue ballpoint pen.

(b). 三年以下の懲役(か)、または百万円以下の罰金。

Imprisonment up to three years or a penalty up to one million yen.

(c). 昼は仕事があるから、夜間コースを取るか、または家庭教師を探すしかない。

I have to work during the day, so I have no choice but to take a night course or look for a tutor.

(d). 二週間前に出したはずの手紙がまだ先方に着いていない。私の秘書が出し忘れたか、または郵便局が間違えたのだろう。

A letter that I assumed was mailed two weeks ago has not reached the addressee yet. It is probably that my secretary forgot to mail it or that the post office made a mistake.

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Intermediate Page 174

Suffix

Key Sentences

(ksa). 私の車は右から二台目です。

My car is the second one from the right.

(ksb). それは上から三つ目の引き出しに入っています。

It is in the third drawer from the top.

Formation

Examples

(a). 山本先生は前から二列目、左から三人目の人だ。

Mr. Yamamoto is the person third from the left in the second row.

(b). 一回目は失敗した。

I failed the first time.

(c). この日本語プログラムは今年で五年目になる。

This Japanese program is in its fifth year (this year).

(d). 五周目からは林先生がこのクラスをお教えになります。

From the fifth week on Mr. Hayashi will teach this class.

(e). 上野さんは一番目に演奏する。

Miss Ueno will perform first.

(f). A: 今のバイオリンは何台目ですか。 B: 六台目です。

A: How many violins have you used so far? B: The present one is my sixth.

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Intermediate Page 176

Suffix

Key Sentences

(ks). 彼か学業面では優秀だが、精神面に少し弱さがあるようだ。

He is excellent in terms of his academic performance (literally: on the side of his academic performance) but he seems to have some psychological weakness (literally: have some weakness on the side of his psychology).

Formation

Examples

(a). この食堂は衛生面によく気を配っている。

This restaurant pays close attention to hygiene (literally: the hygienic aspect).

(b). 藤田さんは技術面からのみものを見る傾向がある。

Mr. Fujita tends to view things from the technical standpoint alone.

(c). ここの土地所有者は税金面で優遇措置を受けている。

The land owners here receive favourable treatment in terms of tax.

(d). あの候補者の演説は政策面での説得力に欠ける。

That candidate's speech is not convincing (literally: lacks persuasive power) from the standpoint of policy.

(e). 彼女は日本へ行っても語学面は心配しなくてもいい。

She does not need to worry about language (literally: the aspect of language) when she goes to Japan

(f). この車は性能面を高く評価された。

This car was highly regarded in terms of performance.

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Intermediate Page 177

Auxiliary Verb (Group 2)

Key Sentences

(ks). 僕は小説を書いて、芥川賞を取ってみせる。

I will definitely write a novel and get the Akutagawa Prize.

Formation

Examples

(a). 僕はこの会社の社長になってみせる。

I am determined to become the president of this company.

(b). 私はあのハンサムな男の子と結婚してみせるわ。

I can manage to marry that handsome guy.

(c). 三百ページの本を一時間で読んでみせるぞ。

I will definitely read a 300-page book in one hour.

(d). 今年こそは修士論文を書き上げてみせる。

This year I will definitely finish writing my M.A. thesis.

(e). 一男は百メートルを十一秒で走ってみせた。

Kazuo managed to run 100 meters in 11 seconds.

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Intermediate Page 179

Particle

Key Sentences

(ksa). 吉岡さんは今年七十歳だが、毎日一キロ走る。時々泳ぎもする。

Although Mr. Yoshioka is seventy this year, he runs one kilometre every day. He occasionally swims, too.

(ksb). この本は有益で、その上、面白くもある。

This book is beneficial and, on top of that, it is also interesting. 

(ksc). この映画は面白くないし、特に教育的でもない。

This movie is not interesting and not particularly educational, either.

(ksd). 奥田氏は弁護士であり、作家でもある。

Mr. Okuda is a lawyer and also a novelist.

(kse). 由利子は最近廊下ですれ違っても見向きもしない。

Recently Yuriko does not (even) look at me even if we pass each other in the hall.

Formation

Examples

(a). 猿だっておかしければ笑いもするでしょう。

Apes also laugh if something is funny, right?

(b). 健一は新婚早々三日も家を空けたが、和代は泣かなかった。そして、怒りもしなかった。

Ken'ichi didn't go home for three days right after their marriage, but Kazuyo didn't cry. She didn't get mad, either.

(c). あのアパートはあまり便利ではないし安くもない。

That apartment is not convenient and not inexpensive, either.

(d). 周遊券は便利な上、経済的でもある。

Excursion tickets are convenient; on top of that, they are also economical.

(e). 田口さんなんて友達でもないのに、どうしてそんなにしてあげるの。

Mr. Taguchi is not even a friend. How come you do so much for him?

(f). 安くもないのに、そうしてそんなものを買うんですか。

Why are you going to buy a thing like that which is not even cheap?

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Intermediate Page 184

Structure

Key Sentences

(ks). この美術館は三時間もあれば全部見られる。

Three hours are enough to see everything in this art museum. (literally: If you have as many as three hours, you can see everything in this art museum.)

Formation

Examples

(a). 二万円も持って行けば足りるでしょう。

20,000 yen will probably be enough. (literally: If you take as much as 20,000 yen with you, it will probably be sufficient.)

(b). ビールは二ダースも買っておけば大丈夫だ。

As for beer, if we buy two dozen, it will be enough (literally: we will be all right).

(c). 一週間もすれば歩けるようになります。

It will take no more than a week until you can walk (literally: until you become able to walk).

(d). 二、三回も聞けば大体分かる。

Listening two or three times is/will be sufficient for understanding most of it.

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Intermediate Page 185

Structure

Key Sentences

(ksa). 腰が痛くて立ちも座りも出来ない。

Because I have a backache, I can neither stand nor sit still.

(ksb). 私は俳句が大好きで、よく読みもするし自分で作りもする。

Loving haiku, I read them a lot and I write them myself (too).

(ksc). あのアパートはよくも安くもない。

That apartment is neither good nor cheap.

(ksd). 彼の作品は面白くもあり読みやすくもある。

His writings are interesting and also easy to read.

(kse). 彼女の英語は特に上手でも下手でもない。

Her English is neither particularly good nor bad.

(ksf). 彼は親戚でもなければ友達でもない。

He is neither a relative nor a friend.

(ksg). 私達のクラスには中国人の学生もいればスペイン人の学生もいる。

In my class, there are Chinese students and there are Spanish students too.

Formation

Examples

(a). 私はドイツ語なら読みも話しも出来る。

When it comes to German, I can both read it and speak it.

(b). この教科書は難しすぎもせずやさしすぎもせず、ちょうどいい。

This textbook is not too difficult and not too easy, either; it's just right.

(c). ボブの奥さんは料理もしなければ掃除もしない。

Bob's wife does not cook and does not clean (the house), either.

(d). この物語は面白くもなければおかしくもない。

This story is not interesting and not funny, either.

(e). 奥田氏は弁護士でもあり、作家でもある。

Mr. Okuda is a lawyer and also a novelist.

(f). この言葉の意味は字引も引いたし友達にも聞いたが結局わからなかった。

I checked the word in the dictionary and also asked my friend, but I didn't get the meaning after all.

(g). あの人は頭もいいしハンサムもあるが、どうも好きになれない。

That man is smart and handsome, too, but I'm unable to like him for some reason.

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Intermediate Page 189

Noun (used in writing and formal speech only)

Key Sentences

(ksa). 現在のコンピュータのほとんどはフォン・ノイマン型と呼ばれているものである。

Most of the present computers are those which are called (literally: things which are called) the von Neumann model.

(ksb). Ｃ社が盲人用障害物感知器の試作品を発表した。この装置は目の不自由な人が皮膚への刺激を通して、前にある障害物などを感知出来るようにしたもの(である)。

S1: C Company announced an experimental model of an obstacle detector for the blind. S2: This device enables (literally: is something which has enabled) blind people to recognize (literally: feel) obstacles ahead of them through stimuli to their skin.

(ksc). 米国の貿易赤字はしばらくこのまま続くものと予想される。

It is predicted that the U.S. trade deficit will remain as it is for a while.

Formation