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Noun

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A dependant noun which expresses the speaker's expectation that something will take place or took place or that someone/something is or was in some state.

I expect that~; it is expected that~; ~is expected to; I am fairly certain that~; should; ought to; it is natural that~; no wonder~

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Key Sentences

(ks). クラークさんはパーティーに行くはずだ・です。

I expect that Mr. Clark will go to the party.

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Formation

(1){V/Adjectiveい} informal	はずだ
	{話す /話した}はずだ	It is expected that someone will talk/talked.
	{高い /高かった}はずだ	It is expected that something is/was expensive.
(2)Adjective な stem	[な だった]はずだ
	{静かな/静かだった}はずだ	It is expected that something is/was quiet.
(3)Noun	{のだった}はずだ
	{先生の /先生だった} はずだ	It is expected that s.o. is/was a teacher

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Examples

(a). 大野先生はサンドラを知っているはずです。

I expect that Professor Ono knows Sandra.

(b). あの本は高かったはずだ。

I expect that book was expensive.

(c). そのアパートは奇麗なはずです。

I expect that apartment is clean.

(d). カールソンさんは昔先生だったはずだ。

I'm fairly sure that Ms. Carlson was a teacher before.

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Notes

1. "Sentenceはず" expresses the speakers expectation, not in the sense of hoping or looking forward to something, but in the sense that the proposition expressed by Sentence should be true or come true. Thus, when the speaker uses はず he is not merely guessing, but stating a proposition based on reliable information or knowledge.

(⇨ だろう; らしい; そうだ2; ようだ)

2. はず is a dependent noun and cannot be used alone. It is always modified by a sentence or a demonstrative such as その 'that' and こんな 'like this'. "Demonstrative はず" is used when a proposition is known to the hearer from the context, as in (1).

(1)
• A: マーサも来ますか。
• Is Martha coming, too?
• B: はい、そのはずです。
• Yes, I expect so.

3. Negative expectations can be expressed in two ways:

(A) Sentence (negative) はずだ

(2)
• クラークさんはパーティーに行かないはずだ。
• Literally: I expect that Mr. Clark is not going to the party.
• (= I don't expect that Mr. Clark is going to the party.)

(B) Sentenceはずは/がない

(3)
• クラークさんはパーティーに行くはずは/がない。
• Literally: I have no expectation that Mr. Clark is going to the party.
• (= It is improbable that Mr. Clark will go to the party.)

The assertion in (3) is stronger than that in (2).

4. "Sentenceはず" can also be used when the speaker has discovered the reason for an event or a state. In this case, はず means "It is natural that ~." or "No wonder ~." and can be paraphrased as "Sentenceわけだ." (⇨ わけだ) Example:

(4)
• 高いはずだ。これは金だ。
• No wonder this is expensive. It's gold.

5. When "Sentenceはず" modifies a noun, that is, when "Sentenceはず" is a relative clause, の follows, as in (5).

(⇨ Relative Clause)

(5)
• 山口さんに出したはずの手紙が床に落ちていた。
• I found the letter I thought I had sent to Mr. Yamaguchi on the floor.

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㊦ 始める・はじめる ←

→ ㊦ ほど

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