ホーム → 学習 → anonguides → ボイロ大好き grammar
2018-08-12 BY AN ANON FROM /jp/
the grammar guide that nobody wanted, that nobody asked for
• The example sentences here are ripped from visual novels so they demand context to have a literal understanding of them.
• It's not possible to give unambiguous translations of most Japanese sentences without context.
• Because they're ripped from visual novels, they might have writing style problems or typos.
• Because they're stripped of context, they might be misinterpreted, even intentionally.
• There is a LOT of grammar that is not taught here. You have to learn it on your own.
You learn languages by doing listening and reading practice. Grammar study and vocabulary memorization are just supplements that make it easier to read and listen!
Compound words in Japanese work the same way as English.
Japanese nouns do not have grammatical number or grammatical gender.
会議 meeting/conference 会議室 meeting room/conference hall 科学 science 科学者 scientist 可能 possible 不可能 impossible
The main body of this grammar guide can be viewed as a reference using illustrative examples sourced from native media. You know, things the Japanese themselves consume for enjoyment.
Before you start
Firstly, let's address some questions in advance:
Q: Why didn't you include X?
A: I only included very basic grammar. There might be a couple things that don't look basic here, but I assure, really, if I didn't include it then I probably didn't consider it to be basic.
Q: Why didn't you include ‹N3 grammar point› / Why did you include ‹N1 grammar point›?
A: Because JLPT grammar classifications are like 50%~80% bullshit.
Q: Why are the example sentences individually sourced?
A: All language resources should only use examples found "in the wild". And they should source every single one of their examples, so you know they're not made-up.
Q: This grammar explanation is wrong.
A: It probably isn't. I mean it might be, just probably not. Everything here is so basic that even someone with bad Japanese could teach it somewhat reliably. It's just incomplete.
This is called "state of being".
Na-adjectives are also allowed to be used in these patterns.
Nだ、Nです someone/something is N
Nだった、Nでした someone/something was N
Nじゃない someone/something isn't N
Nじゃなかった someone/something wasn't N
今度は俺がお前に力を貸す！ 今度は (this time, topic) 俺が (I, subject) お前に (you, indirect object) 力を (strength, direct object) 貸す！ (lend, present/future tense action) This time, I lend my strength to you! From: Full Metal Daemon Muramasa
DL: link
※Note: Sometimes 今度 means "the next time this happens". This is just like how sometimes "this Friday" means "the next time Friday happens". It's not possible to translate things unambiguously/accurately without context. Assume that every single example sentence here might have similar problems. This is the only translation note you're getting.
The neutral sentence structure in Japanese is
| ‹Topic› | ‹Subject› | ‹Indirect object› | ‹Direct object› | ‹Adverbs› | ‹Verb› |
| start | → | → | → | → | end |
Adverbs can go almost anywhere, but the location affects what they modify. When they modify the verb directly, they go after the direct object.
If it doesn't add ambiguities, most parts of a sentence can be moved around without changing what it means.
The subject and object can both be dropped completely, unlike English. Dropping the subject or object is like using pronouns, even if they would be a pronoun if they were stated.
Japanese can mark the subject or object as a topic (は) instead of subject (が) or object (を) if it makes sense and isn't misleading.
Verbs do not change form for the gender (he/she), number (I/we), or perspective (I/you/he) of their subject.
大切な日 大切な (precious, adjectival) 日 (day, days) "precious day" or "precious days"
(日 can also mean "sun" but doesn't here)
Na-adjectives act like nouns if they don't have な attached to them. Sometimes, it's unnatural to use a specific na-adjective as a subject or object, especially if it's too abstract like "precious".
俺の力 俺の (My, possessive) 力 (strength) "my strength" or "strength of mine"
夜の海 夜の (Night, adjectival) 海 (ocean, sea) the night sea
This is the です from Nです, but the phrase Aです is irregular. です does not mean "is" here. It just adds politeness. Aです isn't a conjugation, it just replaces the nonexistent/impossible A-ます conjugation.
※Note: A conjugation is a form of a verb, or in Japanese's case, of a verb or adjective. "Jumping" and "jumped" are conjugations of "jump".
People also say Vです, which means ALMOST the same thing as V-ます. But it's not really a conjugation, it's just using です as a politeness word.
Japanese has two categories of regular verb conjugation.
In the first category, the final syllable is dropped from the verb, and the conjugation is appended to the new form.
食べる → 食べます 見る → 見ます
In the second category, the last syllable changes depending on the conjugation.
知る → 知ります 話す → 話します 死ぬ → 死にます
※Note: Notice that 5-る verbs conjugate differently than 1-る verbs
The first category is called single-row (一段). The second category is called five-row (五段). The names come from traditional hiragana/katakana charts. With the last core syllable in a given single-row verb, it always stays on the same row. With the last core syllable in a given five-row verb, it can be a kana from any row, depending on the conjugation.
The rule/pattern for a given conjugation depends on which category the verb is from. It's not always as simple as deleting the る from single-row verbs or respelling the last syllable for five-row verbs.
The last core syllable of a verb in the dictionary form/present tense always ends in the vowel "u".
Irregular verbs: する "do", くる "come"
する → します くる → きます
These are essentially the formal versions of だ, だった, じゃない, and じゃなかった. In this case, the formal versions are the older versions. That means that である (actually it was であり at the time) turned into today's だ, etc. Also, the ある in である is a verb, and conjugates like one.
食べる → 食べない 見る → 見ない 知る → 知らない 話す → 話さない 死ぬ → 死なない
The very common five-row verb ある, "to be", takes the negative form
Irregular verbs: する → しない くる → こない
熱い → 熱くない
In Japanese, い-adjectives conjugate too, not just verbs. Just not the same way as verbs. Surprised? い-adjective conjugations are based on the consonant "k", rather than the syllable い.
食べる → 食べた 見る → 見た
A little explanation for the past tense of five-row verbs is in order. The final core syllable switches to an "i" syllable, just like for the ます form. But when the た is attached, the conjugation gets slurred together. This isn't a slang thing. This conjugation slurs together absolutely everywhere except for archaic-sounding writing or speeches.
話す → 話した 知る → 知った 待つ → 持った 買う → 買った 問う → 問うた 聞く → 聞いた 急ぐ → 急いだ 死ぬ → 死んだ 学ぶ → 学んだ 飲む → 飲んだ
Be careful: there's a sentence-ender, んだ, that looks a lot like the past tense of ぬ/ぶ/む verbs, but is actually something completely different.
Irregular verbs: する → した くる → きた
熱い → 熱かった
The past tense of い-adjectives is irregular for unintuitive etymological reasons. Just learn it.
Most verb conjugations from here on out will not have equivalents for い-adjectives.
食べる → 食べない → 食べなかった
ない is, itself, an い-adjective. You just can't conjugate it to itself (i.e. no 食べなくない).
Irregular verbs: する → しない → しなかった くる → こない → こなかった
These are the negative, past tense, and negative past tense forms of the V-ます conjugation, because the past tense doesn't conjugate and V-ない doesn't have a ます form.
These are alternative polite negatives. Like Vです, they're not considered conjugations, they're just using です as a politeness word.
The choice between に and へ for destination depends on the specific kind of movement or travel. に focuses on the destination or specific direction, へ focuses on the motion or travel.
The choice between に and で for location depends on the specific combination of situation and location. If it helps, で is more like "at" or "by", and に is more like "in" or "on".
熱い → 熱さ hotness / heat (as an amount, not a concept)
Unlike most other い-adjective conjugations, this one drops the last core syllable (the い) entirely, instead of replacing it with a "k" syllable.
甘い → 甘み sweetness (can be an amount or a concept)
※Note: A-み is sometimes spelled as A-味, e.g. 甘味 "sweetness". This is also a good way to remember how A-み differs from A-さ.
Conjugates exactly the same way as the past tense, but with て/で instead of た/だ.
見て！ Look! From: Common
食べてください Eat, please. From: Common
戦ってもらう (compound verb) someone fights for me / is fighting for me / will fight for me From: Common
※Note: 戦ってもらう can also be used when an opponent gives you a second chance or something
失いたくねえ。だから戦って、守るんだよ I don't wanna lose anyone. That's why I fight, I protect. From: Kajiri Kamui Kagura - Akebono no Hikari
DL: link
DL: link
Usage 3 can change the nature of the verb so much that the meaning of the subject and/or object change. It depends on what specific verb is added. 4 can't do this, it just strings statements together, like a comma or semicolon.
見ろよこれ！！ Take a look at this!!! From: Narisokonai Snow White
……舞台を見ろ。俺を見るな。 ...Look at the stage, not me.
The form for five-row verbs replaces the "u" from the last core syllable with an "e".
Irregular verbs: する → しろ する → せよ (less common) くる → こい
熱くて、硬くって、おっきくて Hot, hard, and big. From: Astelight Shuushuubako
※Note: The っ in くって in this example doesn't have a grammatical purpose, it just adds emphasis.
朝食を食べて、すぐに家を出た。 I ate breakfast, then left (departed from home) right away.
Surprise! You can use entire statements as adjectives! As long as they don't end in だ or です or ます or a bunch of other exceptions. These are called adjectival clauses. Except in the case of lone adjectives, in which case they're just adjectives.
自分も考える時間が欲しい。 I want time to think too.
どうせいずれは殺す人々。 At any rate, all of them are people who kill.
今日も暑い日になりそうだ。 Looks like it's gonna be hot today, too.
These are basically ways of using a verb like a noun. Vaguely similar to English's "~ing". こと and もの act like nouns being modified by a relative clause consisting of V or V's statement. But の acts less like a noun being modified and more like some kind of indescribable conjugation-that-isn't-a-conjugation particle-that-isn't-a-particle thing.
Again, こと and もの are also normal nouns. This is just a specific pattern that uses them in a specific way.
This is some kind of extremely indirect instruction that something must be done (or if V is negative, not be done). Not always an instruction, can also just be a way of framing a statement as a description of itself.
入室の際にはノックすること。 That you knock when entering a room. From: Hoshizora no Memoria
カレンに見つめられること、カレンがそんな目をすること。 To be stared at by Karen. For Karen to look at me with such eyes. From: Futsuu no Fantasy
彼と一緒に今日の進め方を考えているから。 Since I'm thinking about how to spend the day with him.
そう、好きな人と一緒に Right, with someone I like. From: Dracu-Riot!
と can also come at the end of certain adverbs like ちゃんと, ずっと, and きっと, and is also a listing marker, and a conjunction, so be careful about that.
These are ways of creating a relative clause from nothing, without it needing to modify a noun, not even weak nouns like こと or もの or a dummy noun like の. Sometimes the phrase on the left is a literal quote. Yes, と here can be pretty confusing.
何か、大変なことがあったと聞いたけど――？ I heard that there was some kind of, big thing that happened, though...? From: Magical Charming!
Simply put, these use a quotative phrase as a topic. Often used to define words, or to use a word (rather than the thing described by that word) as the context of a statement.
These convey that a notion is described by a given phrase or that a given phrase is how something is viewed. They can also be used to modify nouns with phrases that would be very difficult to attach to nouns otherwise, like phrases ending in another noun.
These are ways of asking questions. Do not actually attempt to memorize the list, it's extremely redundant.
Questions made with か or tone of voice focus on learning new information, questions made with の or のか focus on exchanging ideas or notions. That said, they can both be used both ways.
の can be slurred sometimes.
The の here is the の that can turn verbs into nouns.
こんちは……何故、もういるですか？ Hello... Why are you still here?
ちょっと、どこ行くの？ Wait, where are you going? From: Common
まだ食べるか？ Still eating?
さて、食べるか。 Now, how about I eat.
う、ううっ、どっちが年上だ？どっちが先輩だ？ Er, uhh... Who's older? Who's the senior? From: Clover Point
いいですか？ Is it fine? / Can I? From: Common
It's pretty common for の/のか questions to be answered with のだ/のです/んだ/んです statements. のだ statements carry the mood of conveying explanatory information or giving an answer or greater context to an idea/notion/curiosity, rather than just any kind of information or an answer to a desire for information.
These are ways of asking for confirmation about something. じゃない and じゃん are also used for expressing surprise by pretending to ask a question (like "Well well, isn't it the boss himself?")
Yes, じゃない really can mean both "it isn't" and "isn't it". You just have to get used to it.
さっき自分で言ったじゃん。 It like you just said, isn't it?
なんだっけ、それ What was that again? From: Common
食べないでください Don't eat, please. From: Common
Most of the time, the two meanings are basically indistinguishable without context, unless it's part of a construction where only a topic or only a condition makes sense.
あなたは戦っては駄目ッ It's bad for you to fight! / It's bad if you fight. From: Dies irae
※Note: V-ちゃ is a different contraction than V-ちゃう/V-ちゃった etc.
Non-contrastive means that mentioning the topic isn't an act of excluding other topics. For example, saying "You did well tonight" is contrastive, and implies that other days they might not have done well. Saying "You did well tonight, too" is non-contrastive, and implies that they did well on other days too.
も includes one topic among a group of other implied valid possible topics. In other words, it usually means that the statement is true of other topics (like "other people are leaving"), and is additionally true of the given topic (like "I'm leaving too").
僕も行くよ I'm going too! (inclusive topic) From: Common
The ability to choose between も and は for topics means that, by choosing one when you don't need to state the topic at all, you're either playing up the topic being special (with は), or playing up that the topic is like other topics (with も).
……昨夜も、そんなに痛かったですか？ ...Did it hurt that much last night, too? (non-contrastive topic) From: Kimi no Koe ga Kikoeru
※Note: Using は here might (depending on context) be contrastive and imply that other nights didn't hurt, like tonight or the night before last night.
Saying that something is "included" among other options affects logical entailment*. Non-neutral logical entailment can trigger linguistic polarity* weirdness when part of questions, conditions, or negative statements.
It's 100% okay if you have no idea what the fuck you just read. Just take the following example for granted.
誰もいないな Looks like there's nobody here. (negative polarity example)
From: Common
あんな短い剣では槍を受け流す事しかできない。 With such a short sword, you can't do anything to spears but deflect them. From: Fate/Stay Night
今部屋の外では女の子達がドアに耳をつけて聞いているに違いなかった。 The girls are definitely listening in from outside the room with their ears against the door right now. From: Nursery Rhyme
この世で絶対の理屈や論理は、子供でも分かる数の大小、算数だ。 The objective logic and reason in this world are the mathematical inequalities that even children understand; elementary mathematics. From: Dies irae
お暇なら、一緒に探検でも行きませんかっ？ If you have time, why don't we go exploring (or something) together? From: Twinkle Crusaders
奴らに通じるのは言葉でも道理でもない。力だけだ Words or reason won't get through to them. Only force. From: Full Metal Daemon Muramasa
DL: link
でも気をつけてください But please be careful. From: Common
わかった、でも迷子になるなよ Got it, but don't get lost, hear me? From: Dracu-Riot!
There are many other ways to say "because", this is just one of them. だから and ですから can also be interjections, without a noun.
それに、まだパンツを履いていないので……あの、履いてきてもいいですか？ Oh, and I haven't put on my panties yet, so... hey, can I go put them on first? From: Trinoline
ある is for subjects that are unlike life, いる is for subjects that are like life. This ある is the same ある from である.
考えている。 I'm thinking. From: Common
それは心が死んでいる人の生き方です That is the way of life of one whose heart is dead.
てある turns transitive verbs into intransitive verbs expressing that something has had an action done do it. Expresses the state resulting from the action, not the event of the action being done to it.
お茶は淹れてある。 Tea's done (being steeped).
Less likely to mean "... and V". More likely to have to do with how the verb progresses over time. The て or と can be voiced like で or ど for verbs like 死ぬ that conjugate to 死んで for the て form.
Less likely to mean "finish doing V". The ち starts where the て used to be. Can also be じゃう or じまう for verbs like 死ぬ that conjugate to 死んで for the て form.
これ means "this thing". それ and あれ mean "that thing", with the difference being that それ is for things the other person would say "this" for but not the speaker, and あれ being for things that both people would say "that" for. どれ means "which one".
しかし……この本は、さすがに……。 But... This book sure is, how do I put it... From: Chronobox
There are more words of this kind, like こちら/こっち/etc, but once you know how they work they're very easy to figure out.
In actual speech, うん/ううん are pronounced completely differently.
The conjugation for five-row verbs turns the vowel of the last core syllable into an "a", then adds れる.
この子、パンツ見られると凶暴化するんだろうか。 I guess this girl goes feral when her panties get seen. From: Flyable Heart
DL: link
ゆえに、どうせ殺されるなら戦って、その果てに。 Thus, if you will be killed regardless, then fight, fight to the very end. From: Dies irae
Irregular verbs: する → される くる → こられる
The passive form of single-row verbs doubles as a potential form. There's a short potential for single-row verbs too, if you see it, you can be 99% sure that it's a potential (can X), not a passive (was/got Xed) or a potential-passive (Xable / can be Xed).
The conjugation for five-row verbs turns the vowel of the last core syllable into an "e", then adds る.
でも、漢字が読めないのは人生でも困るよ。多分 But not being able to read kanji would make it hard for someone just to go through life. Probably. From: Twinkle Crusaders
Irregular verbs: する → できる くる → こられる くる → これる
服を脱がせるから、後は私とミアに任せて I'm taking off the girl's clothes, so leave the rest to me and Mia. (i.e. go somewhere that you won't see her naked)
君を死なせたくなかった I didn't want to let you die.
Sometimes both the direct object of the original verb and the direct object of the causative verb (so, the person being made to do something) are included. In this case, the original direct object is probably going to use を or go unmarked, and the causative direct object is probably going to be marked with に or something.
そうすればセイバーに人を殺させる必要なんてない。 If I do things that way, I won't "need" to make Saber kill people. From: Fate/Stay Night
Prescriptivists consider it wrong for five-row verbs ending in す, and for single-row verbs, but those kinds of verbs still use it once in a blue moon.
Some verbs have fixed special versions that are used way, way more than their causative conjugation, like 見せる (so in 見せる's case, it's almost always used instead of 見る's 見させる).
Irregular verbs: する → させる くる → 来させる
俺より強い Stronger than me. From: Yoake Mae yori Ruri Iro na (but common as part of longer lines)
あの子、みんなが思っているより強い子じゃないの That girl's stronger than everyone thinks, isn't she.
行こうか Let's go / How about we go? From: Common
考えてみる I'll try to think about it. From: Common
教えてほしい。ここは本当に学園の中なのか？ I want to know. (I want you to tell me.) Is this place really on campus?
ラーメンが食べたい。 I want to eat ramen.
何が食べたい？ What do you want to eat? From: Common
Expresses that if one thing happens, another thing is or will be true. Usually focuses on the condition, not the result.
解けば死ぬ。 If I untie it I'll die. From: Fate/Stay Night
下着をずらせば、天音の秘部がしっかりと見える。 If I shift her underwear, Amane's privates will be completely visible. From: Flyable Heart
DL: link
見れば分かる it's obvious / you can understand it just by looking at it From: Common
どうすればいい？ What should I do? From: Common
Irregular verbs: する → すれば くる → くれば
歩けなければ走れない。 If you can't walk, you can't run. From: Dies irae
Means that if one thing is true, so is the other. Doesn't describe cause and effect. Focuses on the result. Not anywhere near as much of a condition as ～ば is. Sometimes it's basically used as though it's a topic marker that's even more contrastive than は.
喩えるなら、戦闘の専門家と戦争の専門家だ。 Metaphorically speaking, they specialize in combat and war, respectively. From: Dies irae
キミならできるよ！ You can do it!
Doesn't describe cause and effect. Can be used for things like "If you're free tomorrow, come see me", which ～ば can't.
Attaches to statements, not nouns or whatever. Usually has a comma after it, but not always. Describes cause and effect. Used for things that are generally true, not coincidences or unique situations. Attaches like 行くと for verbs, Nだと for nouns, etc.
鼻で息をしながら、がくがくと首を縦に揺らす Breathing through her nose, she shook and rocked her head front-to-back.
けど can also be けれど, けども, or けれども, which all have different levels of formality and politeness.
You've already seen でも as a conjunction before. ても is でも but for verbs (and adjectives), and doesn't have the same oddities/caveats that でも as a conjunction has with nouns.
しかし is just an interjection and doesn't act like a conjunction.
しかし事実だ However, it's the truth. From: Itsuka, Todoku, Ano Sora ni. (but common as part of longer lines)
The が here is not the subject marker, and it doesn't attach directly to nouns.
声もかけてみるが、返事はない。 I even try to raise my voice, but there's no response. From: Hoshizora no Memoria
They're endless. There are also such adverbs ending in っさり, っぱり, っとり, etc. Many of them can take と to emphasize their adverbialness, or する to turn them into actions about behaving that way.
Many of these can also take と to emphasize their adverbialness or する to make them actions, just like the っきり/っかり ones.
自然に Naturally/spontaneously
Normal Japanese nouns are uncountable. You can't say "five stores" or "four stores" with the normal word for "store". This is just like how in English you can't say "five rices" when you're referring to pieces of food or grains of rice. You say "five pieces of food" or "five grains of rice" instead. But in Japanese, almost all nouns aren't countable, so almost every way of counting things is something like "pieces of food" or "grains of rice".
There are other counting words than つ, which are almost all nouns, but they're restricted to counting specific kinds of things.
あと、もう一つ And then give me another. After that, one more thing. (e.g. one more thing to explain) From: Common
Means that the N is nothing more special than what is said about it by calling it an N.
Sometimes ただ takes the form たった, but たった can also just be a verb like 立った or something.
These are sentence-ending particles that convey the speaker's attitude towards what they're saying or how the person they're saying it to is going to take it. They can express things like assertion, agreement, free-willed-ness, caution, etc. か is technically one of these but serves more of a grammatical function.
Compound sentence ending particles don't follow the same rules their parts would follow on their own, so you can say things like いいだぜ just fine and it doesn't seem weird at all, even though "いいだ" is objectionable at best on its own.
This is not the same な from the list of sentence-ending particles above, even though it is identical.
くるな！ Stay away! From: Common
Yes, Vな as in prohibition and な the sentence-ending particle are ambiguous. You just have to get used to how they're used so you can tell which is which.
食べなさい。 Eat. From: Common
These mean "someone", "some time", "something", etc. as in "Is someone there?", "I know someone who can deal with this", "something fell out of my bag", etc.
……誰かいるんですか？ ...Is someone there? From: Clover Point
These aren't really used for "anyone" in positive statements. 誰も and いつも can be used for "everyone" or "all the time" in positive statements, but that's irregular behavior.
い、いいえ。何も言ってません N-, no. I didn't say anything. From: Flyable Heart
DL: link
It's not always possible to translate them into English as "anyone" etc, so some dictionaries define these words as "nobody", "never", "nothing", etc. But it's important to realize that the "no" is not part of the Nも phrase, it's part of the statement as a whole.
誰も来ないよ Nobody's coming. From: Common
These can be used with positive phrases. In negative phrases they're like an emphatic version of the Xも phrases.
誰でもわかる Anyone could understand. / Anyone can understand it. From: Common
そいつはあの火事の中、誰でもいいから誰かを助けようとやってきて、この俺を見つけたのだ。 That guy walked within those fires, looking to save someone, anyone was fine, and found my very self. From: Fate/Stay Night
This is like how "and", "or", "and/or", and commas are used in English. They do not, however, literally translate into just "and", "or", or "and/or". They also all mean slightly different things.
The listing particle is often omitted from the last entry in a list. Some kinds of lists can work even if there's only one item.
寂しいとか、悲しいとか。 Like lonely, or sad.
Also remember that でも can be used as a listing particle, especially when the list is part of a bigger negative structure.
たり is formed the same way as the past tense. Sometimes there's only one past event.
There are a very large number of ways of listing actions or statements, just like listing nouns. ～たり～たり is only a single way of doing it.
These have different nuances and are used in different situations.
だけ and のみ mean that the statement only applies to what they're attached to.
聞こえたのは僕だけかな？ Am I the only one who heard it? From: Twinkle Crusaders
なら、追いかけるのみだ。 Then there is only pursuit. (can only chase after them or just have to chase after them)
ばかり expresses that there's so much of something, or so little of anything else, that you can't think of it any other way.
先輩の本能は、えっちなことばかりなんですね Wow, Senpai's instincts are all about sex. From: Clover Point
空模様は悪化するばかり。 The weather just gets worse and worse.
ばかり can work on the "time" something happened, like with さっき "recently/a short while ago", even if it's not directly attached.
でも、さっき恋人になったばっかりだ But we just became lovers recently.
This doesn't operate on question words like the other stuff here, but it's affected by polarity like they are.
今、ここには自分とセイバーしかいない。 Right now, there's nobody here but Saber and myself. From: Fate/Stay Night
俺はもう、狂うしかないじゃないか Isn't madness all that's left for me now?
Can have a wide range of implications, everything from "someone is ...ish" to "I think I'm gonna ...".
もう行っちゃうの？ もっとお話ししたいのにな Are you leaving already? I still have stuff to say, though. From: Ama Koi Syrups ~Hajirau Koigokoro de Shitaku Naru Amagami-sama no Koi Matsuri~
もう一回やってみるか？ Want to try doing it again? From: Common
もう大丈夫です I'm okay now. From: Common
Comes from meaning 1 from above, like "もういい" "enough already".
もうこわくない。 I'm not afraid anymore. From: Ao no Kanata no Four Rhythm (but common)
もう喋るな Don't talk anymore. From: Common
でもまだ眠いし…… But I'm still tired... From: Hanahira!
そう、頭の中はまだ何も整理できていない。 That's right, I still can't sort anything out in my head yet. From: Silverio Vendetta
またパンツ見えた。 I saw her panties again.
There are many "or" phrases like または. They're allowed in different situations and mean slightly different things.
Forms the same way as the negative, except する's ず form is せず/せずに, not しず/しずに.
Any phrase that goes "‹negative condition› ‹expression of wrongness›" means "must", but they all have different nuances.
アンタたちが逃げようとするからでしょッ！！ Isn't it because you guys are trying to run away!! From: Axanael
躱そうとする試みは無意味だろう。 Attempting to try to dodge it would surely be meaningless. From: Fate/Stay Night
Normally comes after the full dictionary form of the verb, but for single-row verbs, the る can be dropped as well (i.e. V1-まい).
Not normally used as a way to say "let's not X". Almost always presents negative conjecture.
なるほど。それでは、そう簡単には終わるまい。 I see. In that case, there's no way it would end that easily. From: Fate/Stay Night
Most of these contractions apply in general, not just with the given word/phrase.
※Note: "~ai" syllables can be contracted to "~ee" almost universally in rough or dialectal speech
※Note: んち can happen with pretty much any honorific, sometimes names, and sometimes even things that don't end in ん at all.
※Note: This じゃ is not the じゃ from じゃない. This じゃ used to be spelled ぢゃ, じゃない's didn't.
These exist. They mean exactly what they look like they mean. When you get to Nではありませんでした and Nじゃありませんでした they start to look like unintelligible hiragana stew, but you get used to it.
Grammatical structures in order of appearance.