ホーム → 文法 → DoJG main menu → 基本 → Basic Page 476
Particle
| A particle marking the noun phrase which maintains a reciprocal relationship with the subject of a clause. | With; as; from |
| 【Related Expression: に4; と1】 |
(ks). 私はアンディーと一緒にパーティーに行った・行きました。
I went to a party (together) with Andy.
(a). トムはジョンとよくテニスをする。
Tom often plays tennis with John.
(b). 一郎はみどりと結婚した。
Ichiro married Midori.
(c). この車は僕の車と同じです。
This car is the same as my car.
(d). 日本のきゅうりはアメリカのきゅうりと少し違います。
Japanese cucumbers are a little different from American ones.
1. When Y is the subject of a clause, X to indicates that X and Y have a reciprocal relationship. For example, in Example (a), the fact that Tom often plays tennis with John necessarily means that John often plays tennis with Tom; in other words, it means that they have a reciprocal relationship. Thus, と often corresponds to the English 'with', as in 'in the company of'. と also appears with such reciprocal verbs and adjectives as 結婚する 'marry', 喧嘩する 'quarrel', 話し合う 'discuss with', 似る 'resemble', 違う 'differ' and 同じだ 'be the same'. (See Examples (b), (c) and (d).)
2. In reciprocal sentences, the subject and X in X to are interchangeable. For example, Example (b) can be restated as in (1).
Example (b) is described from Ichiro's point of view, while (1) is described from Midori's point of view.
(⇨ と1, Related Expression I)
【Related Expression】
Some reciprocal expressions take Xに or Xと depending on the meaning, as in [1] and [2].
[1]
[2]
The difference is that と implies a "bidirectional" action while に implies a "unidirectional" one. For example, [2a] implies that both Akira and Kimiko were moving, whereas in [2b] only Akira was moving. Thus, と is unacceptable in [3] because 柱 'post' is immobile.
[3]