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Compound Particle/Conjunction
| A compound particle/conjunction which is used to connect two nouns or two sentences, the first of which is something normally expected and the second of which is something normally unexpected. | Not only~ but also |
| 【Related Expression: ばかりで(は)なく~も; だけで(は)なく~も; どころか】 | |
(ksa). 日本では子供ばかりか大人さえ漫画を読んでいる。
In Japan not only children but even adults are reading comic books.
(ksb). あの人は絵を見て楽しむばかりか、自分でも絵を描く。
He not only enjoys looking at pictures; he also draws them.
| (i){V/ Adjective い} informal | ばかりか | |
| {話す/話した}ばかりか | Not only does/did someone speak | |
| {高い/高かった}ばかりか | Not only is/was something high | |
| (ii)Adjective な stem | {なだった}ばかりか | |
| {静かな/静かだった}ばかりか | Not only is/was something/someone quiet | |
| (iii){Noun /Nounだった} | ばかりか | |
| {先生/先生だった}ばかりか | Not only is/was someone a teacher |
(a). アメリカでは大学生ばかりか、中学生、高校生さえ日本語を勉強している。
In America not only college students but even junior and senior high school students are studying Japanese.
(b). 僕の寮の部屋は狭いばかりか、窓さえないんです。
My room in the dorm is not just small; it doesn't even have a window.
(c). トムは漢字が読めないばかりか、平仮名さえ読めない。
It's not just kanji that Tom cannot read; he cannot read even hiragana.
(d). 父は食べるのが大好きなばかりか、料理をするのも大好きです。
My father not only loves to eat, he also loves to cook.
1. Before ばかりか comes something/someone normally expected and after ばかりか comes something/someone normally unexpected. If the order of the two is reversed an unacceptable sentence like the following results.
2. The particle さえ can be replaced by the particle も especially in spoken Japanese.
【Related Expressions】
I. The pnrases ばかりで(は)なく~も and だけで(は)なく~も are very similar to ばかりか~(さえ). Among those three constructions ばかりか~(さえ) expresses the highest degree of unexpectedness between the content of Sentence1 and Sentence2. If such unexpectedness is missing, the ばかりか~(さえ) construction sounds awkward. Examples follow.
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(⇨ だけで(は)なく~(も)㊦)
II. Sentence1 どころか Sentence2, a construction indicating that someone/something is very far from a/n (un)desirable state, is quite different from Sentence1 ばかりか Sentence2, when Sentence1 is affirmative and Sentence2 is negative or when Sentence1 is negative and Sentence2 is affirmative. Examples follow.
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If both Sentence1 and Sentence2 are affirmative or negative, the two constructions are interchangeable.
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